Passage 1
Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialization was only one of a series of related developments in science (1) affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.
No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: (2) exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word 'amateur' does carry a connotation (3) that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialization in the nineteenth century, (4) with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science (5) based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.
A comparison of British geological publications over (6) the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition (7) of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research (8) in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, (9) a result (10) that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a (11) logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar (12) process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.
Although the process of professionalisation and specialization was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be (13) reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.
(1)动词现在分词做后置定语，修饰science
(2)任何规则都可以找出例外
(3)同位语从句，是connotation的同位语
(4)状语。意为：以及紧随其后的时间更长、内容更复杂的培训
(5)动词过去分词引导的后置定语，修饰those areas of science
(6)过去一个半世纪
(7)定语从句，修饰definition
(8)本身
(9)即前面所说的to make entrance…for amateurs
(10)定语从句，修饰result
(11)必然的
(12)分化过程
(13)被认为是
51. The growth of specialization in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as _________.
A.sociology and chemistry
B.physics and psychology
C.sociology and psychology
D.physics and chemistry
52. We can infer from the passage that _________.
A.there is little distinction between specialization and professionalisation
B.amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science
C.professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community
D.amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones
53．The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate _________.
A.the process of specialization and professionalisation
B.the hardship of amateurs in scientific study
C.the change of policies in scientific publications
D.the discrimination of professionals against amateurs
54．The direct reason for specialization is _________.
A.the development in communication
B.the growth of professionalisation
C.the expansion of scientific knowledge
D.the splitting up of academic societies
51.19世纪专业化的发展在哪些科学领域更明显？
A.社会学和化学
B.物理学和心理学
C.社会学和心理学
D.物理学和化学
52.从文章中我们可以推断：
A.专业化和职业化没有区别
B.在某些科学领域业余人员可以和职业人员竞争
C.职业人员欢迎业余人员进入科学界
D.业余人员有全国性的学术团体而没有地方性的
53.作者写地理学的发展是为了表明
A.专业化和职业化的发展过程
B.业余人员在科学研究上的困难
C.科学刊物政策的变化
D.职业人员对业余人员的歧视
54.专业化的直接原因是：
A.信息交流的发展
B.职业化的发展
C.科学知识的推广
D.学术团体的分解
【答案】DBAC
Passage 2
A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so called (1) digital divide-the division of the world into the info (information) rich and the info poor. And that divide (2) does exist today. My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty years ago. (3) What was less visible then, however, were the new, positive forces (4) that work against the digital divide. There are reasons to be optimistic.
There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow. As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business to universalize access-after all, the more people online, the more (5) potential customers there are. More and more governments, afraid their countries will be left behind, want to spread Internet access. Within the next decade or two, one to two billion people on the planet will be netted together. As a result, I now believe the digital divide will narrow rather than widen in the years ahead. And that is very good news because the Internet (6) may well be the most powerful tool for combating world poverty that we've ever had.
Of course, the use of the Internet isn't the only way to defeat poverty. And the Internet is not the only tool we have. But it has enormous potential.
To take advantage of this tool, some impoverished countries will have to (7) get over their outdated (8) anti-colonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment. Countries (9) that still think foreign investment is an invasion of their sovereignty might well study the history of infrastructure (the basic structural foundations of a society) in the United States. When the United States built its (10) industrial infrastructure, it didn't have the capital to do so. And that is why America's Second Wave infrastructure-including roads, harbors, highways, ports and so on were built with foreign investment. The English, the Germans, the Dutch and the French were investing in Britain's former colony. They financed them. Immigrant Americans built them. Guess who owns them now? The Americans. I believe the same thing would be true in places like Brazil or anywhere else for that matter. The more foreign capital you have helping you build your Third Wave infrastructure, (11) which today is an electronic infrastructure, the (12) better off you're going to be. That doesn't mean lying down and becoming fooled, or letting foreign corporations run uncontrolled. But it (13) does mean recognizing how important they can be in building the energy and telecom infrastructures (14) needed to take full advantage of the Internet.
(1)信息差异
(2)强调结构
(3)名词从句做主语
(4)定语从句，修饰positive forces
(5)可能的顾客
(6)很可能
(7)抛弃，克服
(8)对外国投资所持的过时的反殖民偏见
(9)定语从句，修饰countries
(10)工业基础设施
(11)定语从句，修饰the third wave infrastructure, 第三次基础设施建设浪潮
(12)更富有
(13)强调结构
(14)动词过去分词做后置定语，修饰the energy and telecom infrastructures
55．Digital divide is something _________.
A.getting worse because of the Internet
B.the rich countries are responsible for
C.the world must guard against
D.considered positive today
56．Governments attach importance to the Internet because it _________.
A.offers economic potentials
B.can bring foreign funds
C.can soon wipe out world poverty
D.connects people all over the world
57. The writer mentioned the case of the United States to justify the policy of _________.
A.providing financial support overseas
B.preventing foreign capital's control
C.building industrial infrastructure
D.accepting foreign investment
58. It seems that now a country's economy depends much on _________.
A.how well developed it is electronically
B.whether it is prejudiced against immigrants
C.whether it adopts America's industrial pattern
D.how much control it has over foreign corporations
55.数字差异：
A.由于英特网的出现越来越恶化
B.富国应当承担责任
C.全世界都应该警惕
D.现在被肯定了
56.政府非常重视英特网，因为：
A.具有促进经济的潜力
B.能带来外国资金
C.能很快消除世界贫困
D.把全世界的人们联系起来
57.作者举美国的例子是为了证明什么政策的合理性？
A.对外提供资金援助
B.防止外国资本垄断
C.建立工业基础设施
D.吸收外国投资
58.一个国家的经济似乎很大程度上依赖于：
A.其电子发展程度
B.是否对移民有偏见
C.是否采用美国的工业模式
D.其对外国企业的控制程度
【答案】CADA
Passage 3
Why do so many Americans distrust what they read in their newspapers? The American Society of Newspaper Editors is trying to answer this painful question. The organization is (1) deep into a long self-analysis known as the journalism credibility project.
Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of (2) head-scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.
But the sources of distrust go way deeper. Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates (patterns) (3) into which they plug each day's events. In other words, there is a conventional (4) story line in the newsroom culture that provides (5) a backbone and a ready-made narrative structure for otherwise confusing news.
There exists (6) a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers, (7) which helps explain why the "standard templates" of the newsroom seem alien to many readers. In a recent survey, questionnaires were sent to reporters in five middle-size cities around the country, plus one large metropolitan area. Then residents in these communities were phoned at random and asked the same questions.
Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely to live in (8) upscale neighborhoods, have maids, own Mercedes, and trade stocks, and they're less likely to go to church, do volunteer work, or (9) put down roots in a community.
Reporters tend to be part of broadly defined social and cultural elite, so their work tends to reflect the conventional values of these elite. The astonishing distrust of the news media isn't rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorial skills but in the (10) daily clash of worldviews between reporters and their readers.
This is an explosive situation for any industry, particularly a declining one. Here is a troubled business (11) that keeps hiring employees whose attitudes vastly annoy the customers. Then it sponsors lots of symposiums and a credibility project (12) dedicated to wondering why customers are annoyed and fleeing in large numbers. But it never seems to get around to noticing the cultural and class biases that so many former buyers are complaining about. If it did, it would open up its diversity program, (13) now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly (14) by outlook, values, education, and class.
(1)深入进行一项长期的自我分析
(2)令人费解的困惑
(3)定语从句，修饰a set of standard templates，在从句中做介词宾语
(4)新闻写作方式
(5)一个框架和现成的叙述结构
(6)社会和文化上的断层
(7)定语从句，修饰前面整句话。其中why引导explain的宾语从句
(8)高级社区
(9)在居民区定居
(10)世界观的日常冲撞
(11)定语从句，修饰business. Whose也引导一个定语从句，修饰employees
(12)动词过去分词做后置定语，修饰symposiums and a credibility project。Why引导wonder的宾语从句
(13)动词过去分词做后置定语，修饰diversity program
(14)在世界观、价值观、教育程度和社会阶层上
59. What is the passage mainly about?
A.needs of the readers all over the world
B.causes of the public disappointment about newspapers
C.origins of the declining newspaper industry
D.aims of a journalism credibility project
60. The results of the journalism credibility project turned out to be.
A.quite trustworthy
B.somewhat contradictory
C.very illuminating
D.rather superficial
61. The basic problem of journalists as pointed out by the writer lies in their _________.
A.working attitude
B.conventional lifestyle
C.world outlook
D.educational background
62. Despite its efforts, the newspaper industry still cannot satisfy the readers owing to its _________.
A.failure to realize its real problem
B.tendency to hire annoying reporters
C.likeliness to do inaccurate reporting
D.prejudice in matters of race and gender
59.本文主要是关于：
A.全世界读者的需要
B.公众对报纸失望的原因
C.报纸工业衰落的起源
D.新闻可信度调查的目的
60.新闻可信度调查的结果最终：
A.非常可信
B.有一点争议
C.很有启发性
D.很肤浅
61.作者指出，记者存在的最根本问题在于他们的：
A.工作态度
B.生活方式
C.世界观
D.教育背景
62.尽管做出了努力，报纸业仍然无法让读者满意，这主要在于其：
A.没有认识到真正的问题
B.雇用令人讨厌的记者
C.经常可能进行不准确的报道
D.在种族和性别上的偏见
【答案】BDCA | 
