Passage 1

It's a rough world out there. Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your door- mat. Light up the stove and you could burn down the house. Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. (1) Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers' misfortunes.

Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident. Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long (2) that warn, among other things, that you might-surprise! --Fall off. The label on a child’s Batman cape cautions that the toy "does not enable user to fly.”

(3) While warnings are often appropriate and necessary--the dangers of drug interactions, for example--and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn't clear (4) that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. About 50 percent of the companies lose when injured customers take them to court.

Now the tide appears to be turning. As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases (5) where a warning label probably wouldn't have changed anything. In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit (6) involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet. "We’re really sorry he has become paralyzed, but helmets aren’t designed to prevent those kinds of injuries,” says Nimmons. The jury agreed that the nature of the game, not the helmet, was the reason for the athlete's injury. At the same time, the American Law Institute--a group of judges, lawyers, and academics (7) whose recommendations carry substantial weight-issued new guidelines for tort law stating (8) that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones. “Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities,”says a law professor at Cornell law School who helped draft the new guidelines. (9) If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability.

(1)大约从20世纪80年代开始人们就这样认为
(2)定语从句，修饰labels。第二个that引导warn的宾语从句
(3)状语从句。while, 尽管
(4)主语从句；protect…from…, 保护
(5)定语从句，修饰cases
(6)后置定语，修饰lawsuit
(7)定语从句，修饰judges, lawyers, and academics。意为：说话相当有分量的
(8)state的宾语从句
(9)如果法律界这个适度的目标得以实现

51. What were things like in 1980s when accidents happened?
A.Customers might be relieved of their disasters through lawsuits.
B.Injured customers could expect protection from the legal system.
C.Companies would avoid being sued by providing new  warnings.
D.Juries tended to find fault with the compensations companies promised. 

52. Manufacturers as mentioned in the passage tend to__.
A.satisfy customers by writing long warnings on products
B.become honest in describing the inadequacies of their   products
C.make the best use of labels to avoid legal liability
D.feel obliged to view customers' safety as their first concern

53. The case of Schutt helmet demonstrated that__
A.some injury claims were no longer supported by law
B.helmets were not designed to prevent injuries
C.product labels would eventually be discarded
D.some sports games might lose popularity with athletes

54. The author' s attitude towards the issue seems to be__
A. biased 
B. indifferent 
C. puzzling
D.objective

51.在20世纪80年代，事故发生时：
A.消费者可以通过法律诉讼解除灾难
B.受伤的消费者有望受到法律保护
C.公司可以通过提出警示避免被起诉
D.陪审员会批评公司所承诺的赔偿

52.文章里提到制造商:
A.通过在产品上写很长的警告来满足客户
B.在介绍它们产品的不足时很诚实
C.最佳利用标签以逃避法律责任
D.认为有责任把顾客的满意当成他们首要关心的事

53.Schutt 防护头盔的例子表明：
A.有些伤害索赔不再得到法律的支持
B.头盔不再用来预防受伤
C.产品标签最终会被淘汰
D.一些运动项目可能会失去运动员的青睐

54.作者对此事的态度是：
A.偏颇的
B.漠不关心的
C.迷惑的
D.客观的

【答案】BCAD 

Passage 2

In the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to (1) tap the consumer market. More recently, (2) as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another. Such business-to-business sales make sense because businesspeople typically know what product they're looking for.

Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability. "Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier,” says senior analyst Blaine Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners (2) who are given access to the company ' s private Internet.

Another major shift in (3) the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing. Until recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to "pull" customers into sites. In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools (4) that allow companies to "push" information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers. Most notably, the PointCast Network uses a screen saver (5) to deliver a continually updated stream of news and advertisements to subscribers' computer monitors. Sub- scribers can customize the information they want to receive and precede directly to a company’s Web site. Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to push messages to customers about (6) special sales, (7) product offerings, or other events. But (8) push technology has earned the contempt of many Web users. Online culture thinks highly of the notion (9) that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the Web and television fades. That's a prospect that horrifies Net purists.

But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money. The examples of Virtual Vineyards, Amazon.com, and other pioneers show (9) that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers. And the cost of computing power continues to free-fall, (10)　which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon. People looking back 5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies (11) took the online plunge.

(1)开拓消费者市场
(2)状语，意为：随着互联网已不再是一种时尚
(3)互联网商业的模式
(4)宾语a screen saver的补语。注意第二个to是介词
(5)定语从句，修饰tools. targeted customers特定客户
(6)特价销售
(7)产品促销
(8)推销策略
(9)同位语从句，是notion的同位语
(10)定语从句，修饰前面整句话
(11)take plunge, 涉足

55. We learn from the beginning of the passage that Web business__
A. has been striving to expand its market
B. intended to follow a fanciful fashion
C. tried but in vain to control the market
D. has been booming for one year or so

56. Speaking of the online technology available for marketing, the author implies that__
A. the technology is popular with many Web users
B. businesses have faith in the reliability of online  transactions
C. there is a radical change in strategy
D. it is accessible limitedly to established partners

57. In the view of Net purists,__
A.there should be no marketing messages in online culture
B.money making should be given priority to on the Web
C.the Web should be able to function as the television set
D. there should be no online commercial information without requests

58. We learn from the last paragraph that __
A.pushing information on the Web is essential to Internet  commerce
B.interactivity, hospitality and security are important to online customers
C.leading companies began to take the online plunge decades ago
D.setting up shops in silicon is independent of the cost of computing power

55.从文章开篇我们可知，网络商业：
A.已经在努力扩大市场
B.试图采取一种奇特的方式
C.试图控制市场，但是失败了
D.已经快速发展了大约一年

56.说到在线营销策略，作者暗示：
A.这种策略受到很多网络利用者的欢迎
B.商家相信在线交易的可靠性
C.在战略上有根本改变
D.只有固定的交易伙伴才能进入

57.网络净化者认为：
A.网上文化中不应该有任何市场信息
B.在网络上金钱应该有优先权
C.网络应该能够像电视那样发挥作用
D.在没有要求的情况下网上不应该有商业信息

58.从最后一段我们得知：
A.在网上推销信息对于互联网商业非常重要
B.互动、热情周到、安全可靠对在线客户非常重要
C.最主要的一些公司几十年前就开始涉足在线营销领域
D.在硅谷开店与竞争者的成本无关

【答案】ACDB

Passage 3

An invisible border divides those (1) arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students' career prospects and those (2) arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform. Very few writers on the subject have explored this distinction--indeed, contradiction--which goes to the heart of (3) what is wrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom.

An education (4) that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a technical education, justified for reasons (5) radically different from why education is universally required by law. It is not simply to raise everyone’s job prospects (6) that all children are legally required to attend school into their teens. Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character (7) who is in- complete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself. But this was not always the case; before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain age, It was widely accepted that some were just (8) not equipped by nature to pursue this kind of education. With optimism (9) characteristic of all industrialized countries, we came to accept that everyone is fit to be educated. Computer-education advocates forsake this optimistic notion for pessimism (10) that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook. Banking on the confusion between (11) educational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools, compeered advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduates over their educational achievement.

There are some good arguments for a technical education (12) given the right kind of student. Many European schools introduce the concept of professional training early on in order to make sure children are properly equipped for the professions they want to join. It is, however, presumptuous to insist that (13) there will only be so many jobs for so many scientists, so many business- men, so many accountants. Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and (14) where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.

But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go (15) since well- developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not. Of course, the basics of using any computer these days are very simple. It does not take a lifelong acquaintance to pick up various software programs. If one wanted to become a computer engineer, that is, of course, an entirely different story. Basic computer skills take—(16) at the very longest-a couple of months to learn. In any case, basic computer skills are only complementary to the host of real skills that are necessary to becoming any kind of professional. (17) It should be observed, of course, that no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion over its purpose.

(1)后置定语
(2)后置定语
(3)宾语从句，做of的介词宾语
(4)定语从句，修饰an education
(5)后置定语，修饰reasons
(6)主语从句
(7)定语从句，修饰a character. how引导assess的宾语从句
(8)天生不适合
(9)后置定语，修饰characteristic
(10)定语从句，修饰a pessimism
(11)教育和职业的原因
(12)宾语补足语
(13)insist的宾语从句
(14)定语从句，修饰country
(15)since引导的状语从句，表示原因
(16)最长
(17)that引导主语从句，从句中的主语为no school, vocational or not起补充说明作用

59. The author thinks the present rush to put computers in the classroom is__.
A. far-reaching 
B.dubiously oriented 
C.self-contradictory 
D.radically reformatory

60. The belief that education is indispensable to all children__.
A.is indicative of a pessimism in disguise
B.came into being along with the arrival of computers
C.is deeply rooted in the minds of computer-ed advocates
D.originated from the optimistic attitude of industrialized   countries

61.It could be inferred from the passage that in the author' s country the European model of professional training is__.
A. dependent upon the starting age of candidates
B. worth trying in various social sections
C. of little practical value
D. attractive to every kind of professional

62. According to the author, basic computer skills should be__.
A. included as an auxiliary course in school
B. highlighted in acquisition of professional qualifications
C. mastered through a life-long course
D. equally emphasized by any school, vocational or  otherwise

59.作者认为目前出现的教师配置电脑的潮流：
A.有深远意义
B.其导向可疑
C.自相矛盾的
D.从根本上革新的

60.认为教育对所有的孩子都必不可少：
A.显示了被掩饰的悲观主义
B.是伴随着电脑的到来而产生的
C.在提倡电脑化的人脑中根深蒂固
D.起源于工业国家的乐观主义态度

61.可以推断，在作者所在的国家，欧洲模式的职业培训：
A.有赖于参与者开始接受培训的年龄
B.值得在不同的社会部门试验
C.没有实际意义
D.对任何职业人员都是有吸引力的

62.作者认为基本电脑技能应该：
A.包括在学校的副修课内
B.在获取专业资格的要求中突出
C.用一生来掌握
D.任何学校都重视，不论是为了职业的或者其他的目的

【答案】BDCA

Passage 4

When a Scottish research team startled the world by revealing 3 months ago that it had cloned an adult sheep, President Clinton moved swiftly. (1) Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered (2) that federal funds not be used for such an experiment- although no one had proposed to do so--and asked an independent panel of experts (3) chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning. (4)　That group--the National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC)-has been working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper, and at a meeting on 17 May, members agreed on a near-final draft of their recommendations.

NBAC will ask (5) that Clinton’s 90-day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended indefinitely and possibly that it be made law. But NBAC members are planning to word the recommendation narrowly to avoid new restrictions on research (6) that involves the cloning of human DNA or cells-routine in molecular biology. The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial question, however, (7) whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning.

In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested (8) that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be "morally unacceptable to at- tempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning.” Shapiro explained during the meeting that the moral doubt stems mainly from fears about the risk to the health of the child. The panel then informally accepted several general conclusions, although some details have not been settled.

NBAC plans to call for a continued ban on (9) federal government funding for any attempt to clone body cell nuclei to create a child. Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds (10) to create embryos (the earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or to knowingly endanger an embryo’s life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research.

NBAC members also indicated that they will (11) appeal to privately funded researchers and clinics not to try to clone humans by body cell nuclear transfer. But they were divided on whether to go further by calling for a federal law that would impose a complete ban on human cloning. Shapiro and most members favored an appeal for such legislation, but in a phone interview, he said this is- sue was still "up in the air. "

(1)伴随状况状语，起补充说明作用。That引导declare的宾语从句
(2)order的宾语从句，虚拟语气，省略了should
(3)后置定语，修饰independent panel of experts
(4)这是由and连接的两个并列句子
(5)宾语从句，由and连接的两个并列句子构成。注意be前面省略了should。
(6)定语从句，修饰research
(7)question的同位语。that引导定语从句，修饰legislation.
(8)宾语从句。第二个that引导同位语从句, to create…cloning做同位语从句中的实际主语。
(9)介词on 的宾语
(10)由or连接的两个并列结构做宾语补足语，即forbid…to…
(11) appeal to…to，呼吁……

63. We can learn from the first paragraph that__.
A. federal funds have been used in a project to clone humans
B. the White House responded strongly to the news of  cloning
C. NBAC was authorized to control the misuse of cloning technique
D. the White House has got the panel's recommendations on cloning

64. The panel agreed on all of the following except that__.
A. the ban on federal funds for human cloning should be  made a law
B. the cloning of human DNA is not to be put under more control
C. it is criminal to use private funding for human cloning
D. it would be against ethical values to clone a human being

65.NBAC will leave the issue of embryo research undiscussed because__.
A. embryo research is just a current development of cloning
B.the health of the child is not the main concern of embryo  research
C.an embryo' s life will not be endangered in embryo research
D.the issue is explicitly stated and settled in the law

66. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that__.
A.some NBAC members hesitate to ban human cloning completely
B.a law banning human cloning is to be passed in no time
C.privately funded researchers will respond positively to  NBAC' s appeal
D.the issue of human cloning will soon be settled

63.从第一段我们得知：
A.联邦资金已经用于克隆人工程
B.白宫对克隆新闻有强烈反应
C.NBAS被授权控制克隆技术的滥用
D.白宫已经得到了专家小组的建议

64.专家小组同意以下内容，除了：
A.应该制定法律禁止联邦政府为克隆人提供资金
B.人类DNA的克隆应该在更严格的控制下
C.用私人资金进行人体克隆是有罪的
D.克隆人违反道德伦理

65.NBAC将不讨论胚胎研究问题，因为
A.胚胎研究不过是克隆现在的发展
B.小孩的健康不是胚胎研究主要关注的
C.在胚胎研究中胚胎的生命不会受到威胁
D.此问题在法律中有明确的规定

66.从最后一段可以推断
A.一些NBAC成员在犹豫是否完全禁止人体克隆
B.通过一部禁止克隆人的法律刻不容缓
C.私人资金赞助的研究者们将同意NBAC的呼吁
D.克隆人的问题即将解决

【答案】BCDA

Passage 5

Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments. Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple. Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall. But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets. What kept them in place? Why didn’t they fall out of the sky? The fact (1) that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question (2) he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets.

How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree? Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering. His mind was ready for the unpredictable. Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research. If you don’t have unpredictable things, you don’t have research. Scientists tend to forget this (3) when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it.

In talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that (4) they find the "scientific method" a substitute for imaginative thought. I've attended research conferences (5) where a scientist has been asked what he thinks about the advisability of continuing a certain experiment. The scientist has frowned, looked at the graphs, and said, "the data are still inconclusive." "We know that,” the men from the budget office have said, "but what do you think? Is it worthwhile going on? What do you think we might expect?" The scientist has been shocked at having even been asked to speculate.

(6) What this amounts to, of course, is (7) that the scientist has become the victim of his own writings. He has put forward unquestioned claims (8) so consistently that he not only believes them him- self, but also has convinced industrial and business management that they are true. (9) If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management (10) to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists (11) who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of (12) keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope. (13) Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the "odd balls among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who "work well with the team. "

(1)同位语从句，做fact的同位语
(2)定语从句，修饰the question
(3)时间状语从句，由于与主句主语一致，从句中省略主语和助动词
(4)同位语从句。注意find有双重宾语
(5)定语从句，修饰research conferences
(6)名词短语作主语
(7)由that引导的表语从句
(8)注意so…that…和not only…but also
(9)if引导的条件状语从句，as faithfully as在从句中做状语
(10)主语从句
(11)定语从句，修饰scientists。注意从句中know的宾语是由and连接的两个名词词组
(12)介词of的宾语，其中while引导状语从句
(13)注意nor……is management to be blamed……；if引导条件状语从句，其中as…as…作从句中的状语；discriminating……, 动词现在分词引导介词for的宾语，注意in favor of做researchers的后置定语；who引导定语从句，修饰more conventional thinkers

67. The author wants to prove with the example of Isaac Newton that __.
A.inquiring minds are more important than scientific  experiments
B.science advances when fruitful researches are conducted
C.scientists seldom forget the essential nature of research
D.unpredictability weighs less than prediction in scientific  research 

68.The author asserts that scientists __.
A.shouldn't replace "scientific method" with imaginative  thought
B.shouldn't neglect to speculate on unpredictable things
C.should write more concise reports for technical journals
D.should be confident about their research findings

69. It seems that some young scientists__.
A. have a keen interest in prediction
B.often speculate on the future
C. think highly of creative thinking
D.stick to "scientific method"

70. The author implies that the results of scientific research__.
A.may not be as profitable as they are expected
B.can be measured in dollars and cents
C. rely on conformity to a standard pattern
D.are mostly underestimated by management

67.作者想以Isaac Newton的例子证明：
A.爱追根究底的精神比科学实验更重要
B.当富有成效的研究进行时，科学就会进步
C.科学家从来没有忘记研究的本质
D.在科学研究中不可预知性没有预测重要

68.作者主张科学家：
A.不应该用科学方法取代想象思维
B.不应该忽视对不可预知事物的思索
C.应该在技术杂志上写更多的精确报告
D.应该对他们的研究发现感到自信

69.一些年轻的科学家似乎：
A.对预测非常感兴趣
B.常常预测未来
C.高度赞扬创造性的想法
D.坚持“科学方法”

70.作者暗示科学研究的结果
A.可能并没有预期那么有收益
B.能够以金钱衡量
C.有赖于符合标准模式
D.通常被管理者低估

【答案】ABDA

第一篇（Passage 1）

外面的世界很危险。出门后，你可能会因门口的擦鞋垫儿摔倒，把腿摔断；点燃炉灶时，你可能会把房子烧掉。幸运的是，如果门垫或炉灶上没有警示可能遭受的危害，那么你就可以起诉，诉讼成功后获得赔偿，以弥补所遭受的损害。大约从20世纪80年代以来，这种观念就流行了，当时陪审团成员开始让更多的公司对其产品用户遭受的不幸负法律责任。

公司感觉受到了威胁，纷纷通过写越来越长的警示标识语做出反应，力图预见种种可能发生的事故。如今，四角梯子上的警示标签有几英寸长，除了警告你其他可能发生的意外之外，有一条警告可能令你惊奇——你可能会从梯子上摔下来!贴在孩子们的蝙蝠侠披风上的标签则警告说，本玩具“无法让使用者飞起来”。

虽然警示语常常无可厚非，也是有必要的，例如针对药物会有相互作用的危险的警示，而且很多警示是州或联邦法规所要求的，但是，如果消费者受到伤害，它们能否使制造商和销售商免除法律责任还不清楚。约有50％的公司在受害顾客将其告上法庭后，输掉了官司。

现在看来这种趋势似乎在转变。尽管人身伤害索赔案件一如既往的发生，但是有些法庭已经开始支持被告一方，特别是在那些即使有警示标签也改变不了什么的案件中。5月，Illinois的Schutt Sports体育用品公司总裁Julie Nimmons就打赢了一场官司。这场官司涉及一名橄榄球队员，他在一场比赛中受伤瘫痪，当时戴着Schutt公司的斗盔。“我们对他的瘫痪感到非常难过，但是我们设计的防护头盔不是为了防止那类伤害的。” Nimmons说。陪审团达成一致意见，认为造成该运动员受伤的原因是橄榄球这项运动的性质，而不是防护头盔。与此同时，美国法律协会——该协会由一群说话相当有分量的法官、律师、学者组成——签署了新的民事侵权行为法律指南，宣布公司不必警示顾客那些显而易见的危险，或者用一长串可能遇到的危险使消费者迷惑。“重要的信息可能被大量不必要的东西所掩盖”，Cornell大学法学院一位帮助起草新指南的教授如此说到。如果法律界的这个中立目标得以实现，那么产品上所附的警示信息就可能是用来保护顾客的利益，而不是用来逃避法律责任的。

 第二篇（Passage 2）

网上交易的开始的大约一年内，大部分业务活动都是围绕着努力开发消费者市场而进行。最近，由于网络已被证明不仅仅是一种时尚，一些公司开始在网上买卖产品和提供服务。公司之间的这种交易非常有效，因为经营商们通常都知道他们需要什么样的产品。

不过，许多公司由于怀疑网络的可靠性，仍对网络的使用持观望态度。“企业需要认识到他们和供应商之间的交易渠道是可以信赖的”，Forrester研究所的资深分析家Blaine Erwin这么说。有些公司只对熟悉的贸易伙伴开放公司的内部网络，它们通过这种方式降低风险。

网络商业模式的另—个重大变化与网络营销技术的应用有关。直到最近，互联网的营销活动都集中在如何“吸引”顾客到网站的策略层面。然而，过去一年，软件公司开发出新的技术，这些技术使公司可以将信息直接“推销”给顾客，即把销售信息直接传送给特定的用户。最好的例子是PointCast网络使用一种屏幕保护系统，将大量最新的信息和广告不断地传送到用户的电脑监视器。用户可以定制自己想要的信息，可以直接进入某个公司的网站。像Virtual Vineyards这样的公司都已经开始采用类似的技术向顾客发送有关特价商品、产品促销和其他活动的信息。但这一技术遭到许多网络用户的鄙视。在线文化推崇这样一个理念，即信息应传送给那些提出具体要求的用户。—旦商业促销未经许可就充斥电脑屏幕，那么网络和电视之间的就不再有区别，这样的前景令网络净化者感到不安。

但是网络公司并不是非得依靠“推销”策略才能赚钱。Virtual Vineyards和Amazon．Com及其他网络先驱的例子表明：一个网站如果销售合适产品，再加上交互性、服务热情、安全可靠等这些因素，一定会吸引在线用户。并且电脑的成本不断自动下降，这对那些计划建立网络商店的企业是个好彩头。只要回顾过去的5到10年，人们完全可能会感到惊奇：为什么果断采用网络进行销售的公司会这么少?

 第三篇（Passage 3）

对于计算机在课堂上的应用，人们在观点上存在着一条无形的界限：有些说课堂上应用计算机是出于对学生的就业前景考虑，另一些人则以激进的教育改革为理由。为这个问题撰稿的人很少探讨这—区别——或者更确切地说是矛盾，而这种区别却触及到“将计算机引入课堂这场运动究竟有何不妥”这一问题的实质。

以帮助学生获得某种工作为目标的教育是职业教育，证明这种教育合理性的理由同法律要求普及教育的目的完全不同。依据法律要求，所有小孩都必须上学到十几岁，其目的并非只是简单地增加每个人的就业能力。而是，人们这样看待美国国民的，他们是这样一种人：如果他们不能理解外在事物如何影响自身的生活和幸福，那么，他们的公民素质就有缺陷。但是情况并非一直如此；在法律要求所有的小孩必须上学到一定的年龄之前，人们普遍认为有些小孩天生就不宜接受教育。由于具有工业化国家的乐观主义特性，我们开始接受每个人都适合接受教育的观念。倡导计算机教育的人则背离了这一乐观的理念，取而代之的是一种悲观论调，与他们在其他方面的乐观态度相背道而驰。由于把计算机引进学校究竟是为了职业还是为了教育目的这一问题含混不清，主张计算机教育的人通常只强调毕业生的就业前景而并非他们的教育成就。

对适合的学生进行职业教育并非没有道理。为了确保学生具备他想从事的职业所需要的技能，欧洲的许多学校很早就引进职业教育的理念。然而，武断地认为有那么多的工作在等着同样多的科学家、商人、会计去做，就有点太自以为是了。况且，像我们这样地域广阔、经济发展牵涉如此多的国家和跨国公司，很难按需培养恰当数量的各种专业人才。

但是对于小部分学生来说，职业化培训也许是可行之路，因为在其他条件相同的情况下，技能是否熟练也许就能决定他们能否找到工作。当然，目前任何计算机的基本操作都非常简单。学会使用不同的软件程序也不用学习一辈子。当然，如果想成为一名计算机工程师则完全是另一回事。基本的计算技能最多只需几个月就可以学会了。无论如何，基本的计算机技能都只是对专业人员所必需的各种实际技能的补充。当然，我们应该明白，如果混淆了计算机教育的目的，任何学校，无论是不是职业学校，都不会有好的结果。 

第四篇（Passage 4）

    三个月前，—个苏格兰研究小组透露他们克隆了一只成年绵羊，这震惊了全世界。克林顿迅速做出反应。他宣称反对利用这种非同寻常的畜牧业技术克隆人类，并下令禁止联邦资金用于这样的实验——尽管还没有人提议要这样做，并责成成立一个由Princeton大学校长Harold Shapiro为首的独立专家小组，在90天内向白宫汇报，为国家提供有关克隆人的政策建议。这个小组名为“国家生物伦理顾问委员会”(NBAC)，此后它—直努力工作，群策群力并执笔成文；在5月17日的一次会议上，委员们就接近定稿的许多建议达成共识。

    NBAC将要求：克林顿无限期地延长联邦基金不得用于克隆人的禁令；如有可能，应该将此禁令定为法律。但是NBAC的委员们正在琢磨要在建议报告中严谨措辞，以免对克隆人体DNA或细胞的研究工作产生新限制——这些克隆在分子生物学领域极为常见。然而，专家小组在一个关键性问题上还没有达成一致意见，即是否建议立法将利用私人基金克隆人视为犯罪行为。

    在5月17日召开的讨论建议的序言初稿的会议上，Shapiro指出，该小组已取得广泛共识，认为 “试图利用成人细胞核去克隆婴儿将被视为违反道德的”。Shapiro解释说，在会上，对这种做法道德上的怀疑主要源于对对小孩健康的担忧。随后，该小组非正式地作出了几条概括性的结论，尽管有些细节尚需进一步探讨。

    NBAC打算呼吁继续禁止联邦政府基金资助人体细胞核克隆婴孩的任何企图。由于现行的联邦法律已经禁上使用联邦基金研究克隆胚胎(人出生之前的最初阶段)或故意危害胚胎的生命，NBAC将对胚胎研究这一问题保持沉默。

    NBAC的委员们还指出，他们将呼吁那些私人资金资助的研究人员和医疗机构不要尝试通过人体细胞核移植来克隆人类。但是，对于是否进一步要求联邦立法强行完全禁止克隆人这一问题，他们还存在分歧。Shapiro和大多数会员希望制定这样的法律，但在一次电话采访中，他说，这个问题仍然“悬而未决”。

第五篇（Passage 5）

    在实践中，相对于准备好的实验，科学更依赖于实验观察者有准备的头脑。据说，Isaac Newton通过苹果落地发现了万有引力。多少个世纪以来，许多地方一直有苹果落到地面，也有成千上万的人看见过苹果落地。但多年来牛顿一直对月球和行星绕轨道运行的原因感到好奇。是什么使它们保持在轨道上?它们为什么不飞向天宇之外呢?“苹果向下掉到地面不是向上往树上飞”，这一事实回答了牛顿长期以来一直对天空中更大物体——月球和行星——的迷惑。

    有多少人考虑过苹果向上飞到树上的可能性?牛顿考虑过，因为他不是尽力去预测什么。他只是在不断琢磨。他乐于接受不可预知的事物。不可预知是研究工作重要的本质特征。如果一切都可以预见，研究就没有必要。科学家为专业杂志撰写的例行论文枯燥乏味，他们往往忘记这一点，而历史上这样的例子却俯首可拾。