Passage 1

(1) Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Internet. The American spymaster (2) who built the Office of Strategic Services in the World War II and later laid the roots for the CIA (3) was fascinated with information. Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the "great game” of (4) espionage-----spying as a "profession." These days the Net, (5) which has already re-made pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovan's vocation as well.

The last revolution (6) isn’t simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemen's e-mail. That kind of electronic spying (7) has been going on for decades. In the past three or four years, the world wide web (8) has given birth to a whole industry of point-and-click spying. The spooks call it "open source intelligence," and as the Net grows, it is (9) becoming increasingly influential in 1995 the CIA held a contest to see (10) who could compile the most data about Burundi. The winner, (11)by a large margin, was a tiny Virginia company called Open-Source Solutions，whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world.

(12)Among the firms making the biggest splash in the new world is Straitford, Inc, a private intelligence-analysis firm based in Austin, Texas. Straitford makes money by selling the results of spying (covering nations from Chile to Russia) to corporations like energy-services firm McDermott International. Many of its predictions are available online at http://www.straitford.com.

Straifford president George Friedman says (13) he sees the online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution, a spymaster's dream. Last week his firm (14) was busy vacuuming up data bits from the far corners of the world and predicting a crisis in Ukraine." As soon as that report runs, we'll suddenly get 500 new Internet sign-ups from Ukraine," says Friedman, a former political science professor. "And we'll hear back from some of them." Open-source spying (15) does have its risks, of course, since it can be difficult to tell good information from bad. (16) That’s where Straitford earns its keep.

Friedman relies on a lean staff in Austin. Several of his staff members have military-intelligence backgrounds. He sees the firm's (17) outsider status as (18) the key to its success. Straitford's briefs don't sound like the usual Washington back-and frothing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong. Straitford, says Friedman, (19) takes pride in its independent voice.

(1)本句为虚拟语气

(2)引导定语从句，修饰the American spymaster

(3)对…着迷

(4)间谍活动

(5)定语从句,修饰net

(6) 不仅仅是,注意这种形式并不表示否定意义

(7) 已经持续了几十年

(8) 固定搭配,意为”催生了”

(9) 影响力越来越大

(10) see的宾语从句

(11) 表示以较大优势获胜

(12) 倒装句，正常语序为Straitford, Inc. is among the firms making the biggest splash in the new world

(13) Says的宾语从句, 注意逗号后面是同位语,a spymaster's dream就是information collection and distribution，前者是后者的同位语

(14) 固定搭配,be busy in doing sth.意为”忙于某事”

(15) 强调句型，表示一定会有

(16) 前文说信息良莠难于辨别，此处说这正是Strait ford能脱颖而出的原因;这表明它能提供可靠的信息

(17) 外部形象.

(18) 成功的最重要因素

(19) 以独立的发言权而骄傲.

41. The emergence of the Net has

A.received support from fans like Donovan.

B.remolded the intelligence services.

C.restored many common pastimes.
D.revived spying as a profession.
42. Donovan’s story is mentioned in the text to
A.introduce the topic of online spying.
B.show how he fought for the U.S.
C.give an episode of the information war.
D.honor his unique services to the CIA.
43. The phrase “making the biggest splash” (line 1,paragraph 3)most probably means
A.causing the biggest trouble.
B.exerting the greatest effort.
C.achieving the greatest success.
D.enjoying the widest popularity.
44. It can be learned from paragraph 4 that
A. Straitford's prediction about Ukraine has proved true.
B. Straitford guarantees the truthfulness of its information.
C. Straitford's business is characterized by unpredictability.
D. Straitford is able to provide fairly reliable information.

45. Straitford is most proud of its
A.official status.
B.nonconformist image.
C.efficient staff.
D.military background.

41.网络的出现已经:

A.得到像Donovan这样网迷的支持

B.重新设计了其智能服务

C.恢复了许多普通娱乐游戏

D.使间谍职业复兴

42. 文中提到Donovan事例是为了

A.引入网上间谍这一话题

B.说明他如何为美国服务

C.给文章增添一个信息战的插曲

D.高度赞扬他为中央情报局所作的独特贡献

43. 短语“making the biggest splash”最可能的意思是:

A.造成最大的麻烦

B.尽最大努力

C.取得最大成功

D.受到最广泛欢迎

44. 从第四段中可了解到:

A.Straitfor关于Ukraine的消息被证实是正确的

B.Straitfor保证所提供信息的真实性

C.Straitfor的经营特征是不可预知性

D.Straitfor能提供非常可靠的信息

45. Straitfor最为骄傲的是它的:

A.行政地位

B.不落俗套的形象

C.效率高的员工

D.军事背景

【答案】BACDB

Passage 2

To (1) paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, “all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing.” One such cause now seeks to end (2) biomedical research because of the theory (3) that animals have rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, (4) whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding, and few people understand the process of health care research. (5) Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal.

For example, a grandmotherly woman (6) staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure (7) that encouraged readers not to use anything that come from or is tested in animals---no meat,no fur ,no medicines.Asked if she opposed immunizations; she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research. (8) When assured that they do, she replied, “Then I would have to say yes.” Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said, “Don’t worry, scientists will find some way of using computers.” Such well-meaning people just don's understand.

Scientists must communicate their message to the public in compassionate, understandable way (9) in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology. We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother's hip replacement, a father's bypass operation a baby's vaccinations, and even a pet's shots. To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems (10) wasteful at best and (11) cruel at worst.

Much can be done. Scientists could “adopt” middle school classes and present their own research. They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, (12) lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth. Research institutions could be opened to tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care. Finally, because the ultimate (13) stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively (14) recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all (15) who receive medical treatment. If good people do nothing there is a real possibility (16) that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress.

(1)释义

(2)生物医学

(3)定语从句,修饰the theory.其中have rights doing是固定搭配，意思：做某事的权利

(4)定语从句，修饰animal rights advocates

(5)一听到研究过程对动物很残忍的说法，……

(6)定语从句，修饰a grandmotherly woman

(7)有两个定语从句，第一个that修饰brochure，第二个that修饰anything

(8)状语从句，完整的结构应为when she was assured

(9)用常人的说法，而非分子生物学的语言

(10)最大的浪费。at best 最多

(11)最残忍。at worst 在最坏的情况下；最坏

(12)状语从句，由lest 引导，意为：以免……

(13)原意：赌金保管者。此处意为：受益人

(14)不仅应当把自己的动机告知像Stephen Cooper那样的名人

(15)定语从句，修饰all

(16)同位语从句，修饰possibility. 其中uninformed citizenry 意为：毫不知情的老百姓

46.The author begins his article with Edmund Burke's words to

A.call on scientists to take some actions

B.criticize the misguided cause of animal rights

C.warn of the doom of biomedical research

D.show the triumph of the animal rights movement

47.Misled people tend to think that using an animal in research is

A.cruel but natural.

B.inhuman and unacceptable

C.inevitable but vicious.

D.pointless and wasteful

48.The example of the grandmotherly woman is used to show the public's

A.discontent with animal research

B.ignorance about medical science

C.indifference to epidemics

D.anxiety about animal rights

49.The author believes that, in face of the challenge from animal rights advocates, scientists should

A.communicate more with the public

B.employ hi-tech means in research.

C.feel no shame for their cause

D.strive to develop new cures.

50. From the text we learn that Stephen Cooper is

A.a well-known humanist

B.a medical practitioner

C.an enthusiast in animal rights.

D.a supporter of animal research

46.作者用Edmund Burke的话作为文章的开头，目的是

A.号召科学家采取行动。

B.批评动物权利的被误导动机。

C.警惕生物医学研究的厄运

D.表明动物权利运动的胜利

47.被误导的人们认为利用动物做实验

A.残忍但是很自然

B.既不人道，也难以接受

C.不可避免但不道德

D.没有意义，浪费的

48.老妇人的例子是用来表明公众

A.对动物实验不满意

B.对医学科学的忽视

C.对流行疾病的漠然

D.对动物权利的焦虑

49.作者认为，面对动物权利保护者的挑战，科学家们应该

A.更多地与公众交流

B.在研究中应用高科技方法

C.不为他们的动机感到羞愧

D.竭力开发新的疗法

50.从文章中我们可以了解到Stephen Cooper是

A.著名人道主义者

B.职业医师

C.动物权利的极力维护者

D.动物实验的支持者

【答案】ABBAD

Passage 3

In recent years, railroads have been (1) combining with each other, merging into super systems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995, the top four railroads (2) accounted for fewer than 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight (3) moved by major rail carriers.

Supporters of the new super systems argue (4) that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better-coordinated service. Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain (5) that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.

The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company. Railroads typically (6) charge such “captive” shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they (7) do (8) when another railroad is competing for the business. Shippers (9) who feel they are being overcharged have the right to (10) appeal to the federal government's Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.

Railroads justify (11) rate discrimination against captive shippers (12) on the grounds (13) that in the long run it reduces everyone's cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers (14) who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, (15) leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. It's theory (16) to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail.“ Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace?” asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shipper.

Many captive shippers also worry they will soon (17) be hit with a round of huge rate increases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortuning fortunes, still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital (18) it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, (19) with Wall Street cheering them on. Consider the $ 10.2 billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year. Conrail's net railway operating income in 1996 was just $ 427million, less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction. Who's going to pay for the rest of the bill? Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market.

(1)这是三个并列结构，意为互相结合，互相兼并，引起了人们对垄断的高度关注

(2)总计有……

(3)定语从句，修饰freight

(4)argue的宾语从句

(5)complain的宾语从句。其中，for引导了一个原因状语从句，trucking一句是宾语从句的主句。Have them by the throat意为：扼住了他们的咽喉

(6) charge sth. 对……收费

(7)代替charge

(8)时间状语从句

(9)定语从句，修饰shippers

(10)呼吁，上诉

 (11)固定搭配discrimination against ，意为：对……的歧视rate discrimination，价格歧视

(12)以……为理由

(13)同位语从句，修饰grounds

(14)定语从句，修饰shippers

(15)对so的进一步解释。Shoulder the cost 承担费用

(16)定语从句，介词提前;Subscribe to 意为：认同

(17)be hit with 固定搭配，意为：遭遇

(18)定语从句，省略了先行词which

 (19)cheer on, 鼓励

51.According to those who support mergers railway monopoly is unlikely because

A.cost reduction is based on competition.

B.services call for cross-trade coordination

C.outside competitors will continue to exist

D.shippers will have the railway by the throat

52. What is many captive shippers' attitude towards the consolidation in the rail industry?

A.Indifferent.

B.Supportive.

C.Indignant.

D.Apprehensive

53.It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that

A.shippers will be charged less without a rival railroad.

B.there will soon be only one railroad company nationwide.

C.overcharged shippers are unlikely to appeal for rate relief

D.a government board ensures fair play in railway business

54.The word “arbiters”(line 7,paragraph 4)most probably refers to those

A.who work as coordinators

B.who function as judges.

C.who supervise transactions

D.who determine the price.

55.According to the text, the cost increase in the rail industry is mainly caused by

A.the continuing acquisition.

B.the growing traffic.

C.the cheering Wall Street.

D.the shrinking market

51.根据支持合并的人，铁路运输不太可能造成垄断，因为：

A.成本削减是建立在竞争基础上的

B.服务需要超越贸易的合作

C.外界的竞争者将继续存在

D.托运人扼住了他们的咽喉

52.受制的托运人对铁路运输工业合并的态度如何？

A.漠然的

B.支持的

C.愤慨的

D.理解的

53.从第三段可以推测

A.如果没有另外的铁路竞争，托运人就可以少交费

B.很快全国就只有一家铁路公司了

C.被多收费的托运人不太会为降级提出申诉

D.政府委员会保证了铁路业的公平运作

54.“arbiters”(第四段第七行)很有可能是指那些人，他们

A.起协调作用

B.起裁判作用

C.监督交易

D.决定价格

55.根据本文，铁路运输业成本增加的主要原因是

A.持续进行的收购行为

B.日益繁忙的交通

C.华尔街的鼓励

D.收缩的市场

【答案】CDCBA

Passage 4

It is said that in England death is (1) pressing, (2) in Canada inevitable and in California optional small wonder. Americans' life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century. Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minuts surgical procedure. Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life (3) that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50 years ago. But (4) not even a great health-care system can cure death-and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours.

Death is normal; we are genetically programmed to (5) disintegrate and perish, even under ideal conditions. We all understand that at some level, yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved. (6) Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it's useless. The most obvious example is late-stage cancer care. Physicians-frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient-too often offer aggressive treatment (7) far beyond what is scientifically justified.

In1950, the U.S. spent $ 12.7 billion on health care. In 2002, the cost will be $ 1,540 billion. Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable. Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it. Some scholars conclude (8) that a government with finite resources should simply stop paying for medical care that sustains life beyond a certain age-----say 83 or so. Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying (9) that the old and infirm “have a duty to die and get out of the way”, so that younger, healthier people can realize their potential.

I would not go that far. Energetic people now routinely work through their 60s and beyond, and remain dazzlingly productive. At 78, Viacom chairman Sumner Redstone jokingly claims to be 53.Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor is in her 70s, and former surgeon general C.Everett Koop chairs an Internet start-up in his 80s.These leaders are living proof (10) that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age. As a mere 68-year-old, I wish to age as productively as they have.

Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit. As a physician, I know the most costly and dramatic measures may be ineffective and painful. I also know (11) that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have. As a nation, we may be (12) over funding the quest for unlikely cures while under funding research on (13) humbler therapies (14) that could improve people's lives.