重点词汇 说明: (1)[同] 表示同一行中所列的词意思相同或相近,如 abide by, comply with, conform to [同] ||遵守, 遵照, 符合 abandon, abide, abolish, absorb ||放弃, 遵守, 废止, 吸收 abide by, comply with, conform to [同] ||遵守, 遵照, 符合 accelerate, speed up [同] ||加速, 加快 access, gain access to ||路径, 有机会接近 accessible, inaccessible ||易接近的, 难接近的 accommodate, administer ||为…提供住宿,容纳; 管理,给…用药 accord (vt), accordance 使…一致, 一致 in accordance with, according to 按照, 依照 accordingly, consequently, therefore, thus [同] ||因此, 从而, 因此, 因而 accumulate, accustom, accompany, accomplish ||积聚, 使…习惯于, 陪伴, 完成 acquaint, acquire, acknowledge, achieve ||使…熟知, 获得, 承认, 完成 acquisition, acquaintance, accordance, accusation ||获得, 相识, 一致, 谴责 acute, adequate, advisable, alert ||敏锐的, 足够的, 可取的, 警惕的 adapt (to), adopt, adjust (to) ||适应, 采用, 适应 addict, adhere (to), adjust, admire ||使…沉溺, 粘附, 调整, 羡慕 advocate, sponsor ||提倡, 发起/赞助 adverse, diverse, reverse, divert, convert, invert ||逆境的;不同的; 相反[或倒转]; 转移; 转换; 颠倒 adversity, diversity, density ||不幸, 多样性, 密度 allege, allocate ||声称, 分派 allowance, ally, alley, alloy ||津贴, 结盟, 小路, 合金 alternate, alternative ||交替, 二中择一 altitude, attitude, longitude, latitude ||高度, 态度, 经度, 纬度 amend, mend, recommend ||修正, 修理, 推荐 amplify, magnify, multiply ||[声音]放大, [体积]放大, 繁殖 analog, analogy, analysis, apology ||模拟, 类比/类推, 分析, 道歉 angle, angel, ankle ||角, 天使, 脚踝 anonymous, anxious, antique ||匿名的, 担心的, 古董, anticipate, expect, predict, foretell ||预期, 期待, 预言, 预言 apparent, apparently ||显然的, 显然地 appeal, applause, appliance, appetite ||请求, 鼓掌欢迎, 用具, 食欲 apply, imply, supply, reply, comply ||申请, 暗示, 补给, 答复, 遵从 appoint, assign, allocate ||委任,指派, 分配(任务、工作), 分派 appraisal, appreciation, assessment, approval ||评价, 感谢, 估价, 赞成 approve, approach, approximate ||赞成, 走近/靠近, 近似/接近(某个数值) approximately, repeatedly, actually, virtually ||大约, 重复地, 实际上, 事实上 arbitrary||任意的 arise (vi.), arouse, rise (vi.), raise ||出现, 唤醒, 上升, 提升/抬高 artificial, man-made [同] ||人造的 assemble, gather, collect, accumulate ||集合, 集合, 收集, 积聚/积累 assert, assess, assign, associate ||主张, 评估, 分配(工作), 使…发生联系 asset, liability ||资产, 责任; 优势,劣势 assume, assure, assault, attack ||假定, 保证, 攻击, 进攻 attend (to sth), intend, pretend, extend, tend (to) ||出席, 打算, 假装, 延伸, 倾向(于…) attribute (…to), contribute to (vi.), distribute ||将…归于, 对…起作用, 分发 authentic, automatic, autonomous, auxiliary ||正宗的, 自动的, 自治的, 辅助的 authorize, approve ||授权于,批准, 赞成 available||可得到的 ban, bar, prohibit (from), forbid (sb to do) [同] ||禁止, 禁止 bankrupt||破产的(go ~) barely, merely|| 仅仅 barrier, obstacle, obstruction ||障碍物, 障碍, 妨碍 basic, fundamental, elementary, essential ||基本的, 基础的, 初步的, 本质的 basically, fundamentally ||基本上, 基础地 behalf (on behalf of) ||利益 (代表) beneficial, official, superficial, crucial ||有益的, 官方的, 表面的, 至关紧要的 blame, blend, blast, block ||过失, 混和, 一阵, 木块 bond, bonus, boundary, boost ||债券,结合;奖金;边界;推进 bound, sure, certain, doomed ||肯定的, 有把握, 确定的, 注定的 breach(=violate), break, betray ||违反,违背, 出卖 breadth, breath ||宽度, 呼吸 breed, bleed, raise, multiply ||繁殖, 使…出血, 使上升, 繁殖 browse, glance, glimpse ||浏览, 扫视, 瞥见 brutal, cruel, bloody ||残忍的, 残酷的, 血腥的 budget, bulk, bunch, bundle ||预算, 大部分, 串, 捆 calculate, count, compute, work out ||计算, 数, 计算, 算出 campaign, champagne, champion ||(政治)运动, 香槟酒, 冠军 capability, faculty, capacity, competence ||能力, 才能, 容量(或能力), 能力 capture, catch ||捕获, 捕捉 cardinal||主要的,基本的 cast, throw ||投掷, 投 casualty, caution ||伤亡, 小心 cease, stop, end ||停止, 停止, 结束 celebrate, observe ||庆祝, 过(节) celebrity, reputation, name ||名声, 名誉, 声誉 challenge, defy| |挑战, 藐视 characterize, cater to ||以…为特点, 迎合 check, cheat, cheer, choke ||检查, 欺骗, 愉快, 窒息 chronic ||慢性的,长期的(问题、毛病) circulate, lubricate ||流通, 润滑 circulation, circle, circuit, circus ||循环(或发行量), 圆周, 电路, 马戏团 clarify, classify, testify, verify ||澄清, 分类, 证明, 证实 clash, crash, conflict ||冲突, 碰撞, 斗争 climax, climate ||高潮, 气候 cling to, attach...to, adhere to ||坚持(或依附), 将…系于, 坚持 collaborate, cooperate, coordinate ||合作, 合作, 协调 collapse, collide (with)||倒塌, 碰撞 commentary, commission, commerce, committee ||评论, 代办, 贸易, 委员会 commit, commitment, be committed to, commit oneself to ||犯, 犯罪, 对…承诺, 致力于 comparable, comparative, compatible, compact ||可比的, 相比之下的, (性格)合得来的, 紧凑的 compare, contrast||比较, 对比 compel, oblige, force, impose (强加) [同] ||强迫 compensate (for), make up (for) ||偿还, 弥补 compile, compel, comply ||编译, 强迫, 顺从 complex, complicated, sophisticated [同] ||复杂的 compress, impress, express, depress, suppress, oppress ||压缩, 给…留下印象, 表达, 使…感到压抑, 抑制/镇压, 压迫 comprise, compromise, complicate ||包含, 妥协, 使复杂 conceal, hide, deposit ||隐藏, 隐藏, 贮存 concede, conceive, concern ||承认, 构思(或酝酿), 涉及 condense, compress ||浓缩, 压缩 condemn, sentence, denounce ||判刑, 判处, 公开指责 confess, admit, concede ||坦白,承认,供认 confident, confidential ||自信的, 机密的 confine, confirm, confront, confuse ||限制, 确定, 使…面临, 混淆 conscience, consequence, confidence, conference ||良心, 后果, 信心, 会议 consent, approve, agree ||同意, 赞成, 同意 considerable, considerate (of), considering ||相当(多/大)的, 考虑周到的, 考虑到[介] consistent (with), constant, persistent ||(与…)一致的, 不断的, 持久稳固的 consolidate, strengthen, enforce ||巩固, 加强, 加强,实施(法律) constitution, institution, substitution ||宪法, 机构, 代替 consume, assume, presume, resume ||消耗, 假定, 假定, 恢复 contemplate, reflect, conceive, think ||深思熟虑, 深思, 构思, 想 content, contempt, contest, context ||内容, 轻视, 论争, 上下文 contact, contract, contrast ||联系, 合同, 对比 controversial, conventional, convenient ||争论的, 惯例的, 便利的 convenience, conversion, conversation, conservation ||便利, 转换, 会话, 保存(资源、体力等) convert, convey, convict, convince ||转换, 表达/传达, 判…有罪, 说服 corporate||法人的,社团的 convention, conference ||常规,习俗, 会议 correspond (with), respond (to) ||(与…)符合, 响应 cooperation, corporation ||合作, 企业,法人公司 counterpart, equivalent, parallel ||对应物/人, 对等物, 相似处,可相比的人/物 crack, crash, crush, credit ||裂缝, 碰撞, 压碎, 信用 credible, believable, incredible, unbelievable ||可信的, 难以置信的 criterion, norm, standard, curriculum ||标准, 准则, 标准, 课程 critical, crucial ||评论的, 至关紧要的 cycle, circle||周期, 圆周 deadly, fatal, lethal [同] ||致命的 decay, rot, deteriorate, decline ||腐朽, 腐烂, 恶化, 衰败 decode, encode, code ||解码, 编码, 代码 decrease, increase ||减少, 增加 dedicate...to, devote...to ||献身于,将…全部花在…上 defect, deficit ||过失, 赤字 define, confine, refine, fine ||给…定义, 监禁, 精炼, 罚款 delegate, delete ||派…为代表, 删除 deliberate, elaborate ||深思熟虑的, 精心制作的 delicate, delicious ||精巧的, 美味的 depict, describe ||描述, 描述 deploy, deprive, derive, descend ||展开, 剥夺, 得自, 下来 designation, destination, nomination ||指示, 目的地, 任命 desirable, favorable, considerable, durable ||值得要的, 赞成的, 相当的, 持久的 detain, detect, devastate, diagnose ||拘留, 探测, 毁坏, 诊断 differentiate, differ, distinguish ||区别, 不一致, 区别 dilemma, dimension ||困境, 维度 diminish, lessen, decrease, decline ||减少, 减少, 减少, 下降 discipline, curriculum, doctrine, propaganda ||学科, 课程, 教条, 宣传 disposal, dispute, distinction, disruption ||处理, 纠纷, 区别, 中断 disclose, reveal ||揭露, 提示 discount, account, count ||折扣, 账号, 数 disrupt, erupt, interrupt, corrupt ||使…中断, 喷出, 打断, 腐败 dissolve, solve, resolve ||溶解, 解散;解决;解决,决心 distinguished, outstanding, remarkable ||著名的, 突出的, 不平常的 diverse, distinct, different, various ||不同的, 各种各样的 distract, distort ||转移, 弄歪 divert, convert, invert, reverse ||转移, 转换, 颠倒, 相反 dominant, domestic, prevalent ||主要的, 家庭的, 流行的 dominate, prevail, overwhelm ||支配, 流行, 压倒 due (to), dual, durable, dynamic ||预定的,应得的; 双的, 持久的, 有生气的 duplicate, copy ||复制, 复制 earnest, enthusiastic, keen ||认真的, 热心的, 渴望的 economic, economical ||经济的, 节约的 electric, electrical, electronic ||电的, 电的, 电子的 historic, historical ||著名的, 历史的 effective (=valid), efficient ||有效的, (工作)效率高的 element, component, ingredient, factor ||要素, 成分, (食品)成分, 因素 eligible, qualified, intelligible ||合格的, 有资格的, 可理解的 eliminate, evaporate, exaggerate, exasperate ||排除,消灭; 蒸发, 夸大, 激怒 embargo, embark ||禁运, 上船 embarrass, distress, depress ||使…困窘, 悲痛, 压低 embrace, contain [同] || 包含 emerge, submerge, merge ||形成, 浸没, 合并 emphasize, stress, underline, highlight ||强调, 压力, 下划线, 加亮区 enclose, disclose, close ||随函, 揭露, 关闭 encounter, encode, encourage, endanger ||遭遇, 编码, 鼓励, 危及 enforce, enhance, enlarge, endure ||强迫, 提高, 扩大, 耐久 enormous, tremendous, immense ||巨大的, 巨大的, 极广大的 equally, likewise, similarly ||同样地, 相似地 equilibrium, balance [同] ||平衡 erect, direct, correct ||直立的, 直接的, 正确的 essence, evidence, esteem, enthusiasm ||本质, 证据, 尊敬, 热情 essential, necessary, important, vital ||本质的, 必需的, 重要的, 生死攸关的 erosion, evolution ||腐蚀, 进化 evaluate, estimate, assess ||评价, 估计, 评估 eventually, exceptionally, eternally, especially ||最后, 例外地或格外地, 永恒地, 特别 evidently, apparently, obviously, exclusively ||明显地, 显然地, 明显地, 排外地 evolve, revolve, involve ||发展/进化, 旋转, 涉及 exceed, proceed, succeed, concede, precede ||超越, 进行, 成功, 承认, 位于…之前 excess, process, procession, success, succession, concession ||过度, 过程, 队伍, 成功, 连续, 让步 excessive, successive, progressive, impressive ||过度的, 连续的, 进步的, 深刻印象的 exclude, include, conclude ||排除, 包括, 结束 exclusive, inclusive ||排外的, 包括的 execute, executive ||执行, 管理人员 exile, exhibit, exit ||放逐, 展出, 退出 expansion, expedition, expenditure, exploitation ||扩充, 远征, 支出, 开发 expire, inspire ||期满; 鼓励,激发 exploit, explore, explode, explain ||开发, 探险, 使…爆炸, 解释 expose (…to), impose, compose, propose, oppose, suppose, pose ||把…暴露于, 征税, 组成, 提出, 反对, 假设, 构成 exposure to ||暴露于 extensive, expensive ||广大的, 昂贵的 exterior, interior, external, internal ||外部的, 内部的, 外在的, 内在的 extinct, distinct, instinct ||(物种)濒临灭绝的, 清楚的, 本能 extinguish, distinguish ||熄灭, 区别 fabric, fiber, textile, texture ||织品, 纤维, 织物, 组织 facilitate, facility ||促进, 使…容易;设施 fade, vanish, evaporate ||(颜色)褪去, 消失, 蒸发(或消失) famous, notorious, well-known, distinguished ||著名的, 声名狼藉的, 众所周知的, 著名的 famine, starvation, drought, disaster ||饥荒, 绝食, 干旱, 灾难 fancy, fantasy ||幻想 fault, error, mistake [同] ||过错, 错误 favorable, favorite, fertile, fierce ||赞成的, 最喜欢的, 肥沃的, 凶猛的 feasible, flexible, inflexible, feasibility, flexibility ||可行的, 灵活的, 不屈的, 可行性, 弹性 fraction, friction, fiction ||极小部分, 摩擦, 虚构 flame, fire, flash ||火焰, 火, 闪光 flourishing, prosperous ||繁茂的, 繁荣的 fluent||流利的 force, reinforce, enforce ||强迫, 增援, 实施 forecast, broadcast, cast ||预报, 广播, 投掷 forge, foster, generate, harness ||伪造, 养育, 生成, 控制住 form, format, formation, formula ||形状, 格式, 形成, 公式 fragile, hostile ||易碎的, 敌对的 fraud, deception, cheating [同] ||欺骗,欺诈 furious, curious, fierce ||狂怒的, 好奇的, 凶猛的 furnish, supply, provide ||提供, 补给, 供应 gap, interval, distance ||缺口, 间隔, 距离 genuine, real, true ||真实的, 真的, 真实的 globalization, normalization ||全球化,正常化 grant, permit, allow, approve ||授予, 允许, 允许, 赞成 grasp, grab, grip, clutch, seize ||抓住, 逮捕, 紧握, 抓住, 抓住 grief, relief, belief, mischief ||悲痛, 减轻, 信任, 伤害 gross, net||总的, 毛重的;净的 habit, habitat, inhabit, inhabitable, uninhabitable, uninhabited ||习惯, [动物的]生活环境, 居住于, 适于居住的, 不适于居住的, 无人居住的 hamper, handicap, restrict ||妨碍, 障碍, 限制 hardship, membership, leadership, ownership ||艰难, 会员资格, 领导, 所有权 harmony, in harmony with ||协调, 与…协调 hazard, danger, risk ||公害, 危险, 风险 headline, deadline, guideline, outline, underline, offline, online ||大字标题, 最后期限, 方针, 大纲, 在…下划线, 下线, 联机 heritage, inheritance, fortune, property, possessions ||遗产, 遗传, 财富, 财产, 所有物 highlight|| 强调[vt.],精华 hoarse, harsh, coarse |嘶哑的, 粗糙的, 粗糙的 hollow, shallow, narrow, vacant ||空洞的, 浅的, 狭窄的, 空的 hostage, heritage, harmony, hospitality ||人质, 遗产, 协调, 好客 humid, damp, wet, moist ||潮湿的, 湿气的, 湿的/下雨的, 潮湿的 hypothesis, assumption, proposition, supposition ||假设, 假定, 建议, 假定 identify, identical, identification, identity ||识别, 同一的, 辨认, 身份 ignore, neglect||无视/不理睬, 疏忽 illuminate, light up, brighten (up) ||照明, 点燃, 变亮(起来) illustration, illumination, immigration, implication ||说明, 照明, 外来的移民, 暗示 immune, impartial, immense ||免疫的, 公平的, 极广大的 import, export, transport, report, support, portable ||进口, 出口, 运输, 报告, 支持, 轻便的 impulse, pulse, instinct, intuition ||冲动, 脉搏, 本能, 直觉 incentive, stimulus, encouragement, bonus ||动机, 刺激, 鼓励, 奖金 incidentally, accidentally, increasingly, inevitably ||顺便说一句, 偶然地, 日益, 不可避免 incline, decline ||倾斜, 下降 income, outcome, input, output ||收入, 结果, 输入, 输出 incorporate(=merge), corporate, incorporation, corporation ||合并, 法人的/企业的, 成立法人组织, 法人/企业 indifferent, independent, indignant, influential ||冷漠的, 独立的, 愤怒的, 有影响的 indispensable, inevitable, available ||不可缺少的, 不可避免的, 可得到的 induce, deduce, produce, introduce ||劝诱, 推论, 提供, 介绍 industrial, industrious ||工业的, 勤勉的 inertia||惯性 infect, effect, defect, affect ||传染, 结果, 过失, 影响 infection, injection ||传染, 注射 infer, imply, conclude, deduce ||推断, 暗示, 结束, 推论 inferior, superior, prior, junior, senior (to) ||(比…)下等的, 优于, 优先的, 年少的, 年长的 influence, effect, impact ||影响, 结果, 冲击力 inherit, inheritance ||继承, 遗传 initiate, initiative, initial, initially ||开始, 主动, 最初的, 最初 inject (capital/funds), insert, install ||注射(资本/资金), 插入, 安装 innovate, invent, reform ||革新, 发明, 改革 innumerable, numerous, many ||无数的, 众多的, 许多 inquire, require, acquire ||询问, 要求/需要, 获得 insight (into) ||(对…)洞察力或精辟理解 inspire, expire, inspiration, expiration ||鼓舞, 期满, 灵感, 期满 instruct, construct, obstruct, destroy ||教/指导,建造, 阻塞, 破坏 instrument, device, implement, apparatus, equipment ||工具, 装置, 工具, 器械, 装备 insure, ensure, assure ||保险, 确保, 保证 integrate, integrity ||使…一体化, 正直 integration, inspiration, inflation, interaction ||一体化/综合, 灵感, 通货膨胀, 相互作用 interchange, interface, interval, interview ||交换, 接口, 间隔, 接见 interact, interrupt, interfere, intervene ||互相作用, 打断, 干涉, 干涉[褒] invisible, inflexible, incredible, indispensable ||看不见的, 不灵活的, 难以置信的, 不可缺少的 irrigate, irritate, invest, investigate ||灌溉, 激怒, 投入/投资, 调查 isolate, insulate ||隔离, 使…绝缘 justify, intensify, modify, notify, magnify, purify ||使…正当的, 加强, 更改, 通知, 放大, 使…纯净 lead, leak, leap, lean ||领导, 渗漏, 跳, 倾斜 lengthen, extend, prolong, stretch ||延长, 延伸, 延长, 伸展 lest, for fear that [同] ||唯恐, 以免 level, lever ||水平, 杠杆 liable to, prone to ||易受…的, 倾向于 literally, actually || 实际上 live, alive, living, lively ||活的, 活着的, 活的, 活泼的 livelihood, living, life, existence ||生计, 生活, 生活, 生存 locate, place, lodge, identify ||查找…的方位, 放置, 投宿, 识别 lunar, solar ||月亮的, 太阳的 lure, tempt, attract, draw ||引诱, 诱惑, 吸引, 吸引 luxurious, furious, curious, victorious ||奢侈的, 狂怒的, 好奇的, 常胜的 magnitude, multitude ||巨大, 多数 manipulate, contemplate, stimulate ||操作, 沉思, 刺激 mechanism, machinery, merchandise ||机制/机械装置, 机器, 商品 mercy, merit, maturity, monopoly ||仁慈, 优点, 成热, 垄断 migrate, emigrate, immigrate ||移动, 移居, 使…移居入境 migration, emigration, immigration ||迁移, [出境]侨居, 外来的移民[入境] minimize, miniaturize ||最小化, 小型化 minimum, maximum, momentum, optimum ||最小的, 最大的, 势头/动力, 最佳 mobile, mobilize ||移动的, 动员 moderate, modest, medium ||中等的, 谦虚的, 媒体 moral, morale, morality ||道德, 士气, 道德 motivate, stimulate, spur, encourage ||激发, 刺激, 剌激, 鼓励 motivation, motive, nomination ||动机, 动机, 任命 mount, rise, raise ||上升, 上升, 举起 narrate, relate, tell ||叙述, 叙述, 告诉 navigate, negotiate, neglect, narrate ||航行, 谈判, 疏忽, 叙述 notably, remarkably, namely(=that is) ||显著地, 非常地, 即(=那是) noticeable, notable, remarkable ||显明的, 显著的, 不平常的 notify, note, notice, nourish ||通知, 注意, 通知, 滋养 object to, oppose, objection, opposition ||反对, 反对, 异议, 反对 objective, goal, aim, target ||目标, 目的, 目标, 目标 obligation, duty, responsibility, commitment ||义务, 义务, 责任, 承诺 observe, deserve, reserve, preserve ||观察, 应得, 预订(vt.)/储备(n.), 保存/维持 obtain, detain, contain, retain, attain, maintain, entertain ||获得, 拘留, 包含, 保持, 达到, 维持, 招待 occur, happen, take place [同] ||发生 offend, defend, offensive, defensive ||犯罪, 辩护/保卫, 讨厌的, 防卫的 okay, consent, approval, permission ||认可, 同意, 赞成, 许可 opt, option, optional; optical, optician ||选择, 选项, 可选择的; 光学的, 眼镜商 optimistic, pessimistic ||乐观的, 悲观的 origin, originate (from), originality, original ||起源, 起源(于), 创意, 原来的 otherwise, likewise ||否则, 同样地 outline, outlook, outcome, outset ||大纲, 观点, 结果, 开头 overcome, overlook, overtake, overthrow ||战胜, 俯瞰, 赶上, 推翻 parade, demonstration ||庆祝游行, 示威游行 partially, partly, impartial ||部分地, 部分, 公平的 participate in, take part in ||参加, 参与 particularly, especially, in particular [同] ||独特地, 特别, 特别 peculiar, odd, strange, funny [同] ||奇怪的, 古怪的 penalty, punishment, sanction ||处罚, 惩罚, 处分 perceive, deceive, receive, conceive ||察觉, 欺骗, 收到, 构思 perception, deception, reception, conception ||知觉, 欺骗, 接待, 观念 deceit, receipt, conceit ||欺骗, 收据, 自负 personality, person, personnel ||个性/性格, 人, 人员 perspective, prospect, respect, aspect ||视角, 前景, 尊敬, 方面 plead, pray, preach, beg ||辩护, 祈祷, 鼓吹, 请求 pledge, plunge, plot, plug ||保证, 跳进, 阴谋策划, 堵 plight, dilemma, prejudice, agony ||情况, 困境, 偏见, 极度痛苦 poise, pose ||平衡, 摆姿势/构成 pollute, contaminate, penetrate, generate ||污染, 污染, 穿透/深入, 生成 popularity, polarity, population, pollution ||普及, 极性, 人口, 污染 postpone, postulate ||推迟, 假定 potential, essential, confidential, substantial ||潜在的, 本质的, 机密的, 坚固的 precaution, caution, pension, passion ||预防, 小心, 退休金, 激情 precede, preceding, previous (to), prior (to) ||位于…之前, 在前的, 前一个的, 优先的/以前的 preference, reference, conference, difference ||首选项, 参考, 会议, 差异 prefer (…to), preferable ||更喜欢, 较好的 premise, premium, prescription, formula ||前提, 保险费, 处方, 公式 prescribe, describe, ascribe...to ||开(处方), 描写, 将…归于 presumably, previously, primarily, proportionally ||大概, 先前, 主要地, 比例地/均衡地 primarily, mainly, chiefly, largely [同] ||主要地 principal, principle ||主要的, 原法 prior, previous, preceding ||前一个, 在前的 priority, privacy, privilege, prime ||优先(权), 隐私, 特权,,全盛时期 probe (into), investigate, look into [同] ||探索, 调查 procedure, proceedings, procession, proficiency ||程序, 程序, 队伍, 熟练 proceed, continue [同] ||进行, 继续 proclaim, exclaim, claim ||宣布, 惊呼, 声称 productive, professional, profound, progressive ||多产的, 职业的, 深刻的, 进步的 prominent, promising, proportional, prompt ||卓越的, 有希望的, 比例的, 立即的 promote, promise, prompt, prop ||促进/晋升, 允诺, 提示, 支持/支撑 propagate, breed, multiply [同] ||繁殖 propel, compel, repel, expel ||推进, 强迫, 击退, 驱逐 proposition, proportion, prosecution, provision ||建议, 比例, 控诉, 供应 prosecute, execute ||控告, 执行 prospect, expect, respect, suspect, inspect, aspect, spectator, perspective ||前景, 期待, 尊敬, 怀嫌, 检查, 方面, 观众, 视角 protect, protest, provide, provoke ||保护, 抗议, 供应, 激怒 provided/providing, on condition that [同] ||倘若, 条件是 punch, pinch ||以拳猛击, 捏 purchase, purpose, pursuit ||购买, 目的, 追击 pursue, seek, undertake, follow ||从事/追求, 寻求, 从事/承担, 跟随 qualify, qualification ||使…具有资格, 资格 quality, quantity ||质, 量 quest, pursuit, search, probe ||探索, 追求, 搜寻, 探索 quit, resign, stop ||辞职/戒掉, 辞去, 停止/戒掉 radiate, radiation ||放射, 发散 random, at random ||随机, 随机地 ratio, proportion, percentage, rate ||比, 比例, 百分数, 比率 receipt, reception, receiver, receptor ||收据, 接待, 接收器, 受体 recession, procession, succession, concession ||(经济)衰退, 队伍, 连续, 让步 reckless, restless, regardless, senseless ||粗心的, 不安的, 不管, 无意识的 recollect, remind, recall, remember ||回忆, 提醒, 回忆, 记得/回忆 recommend, propose, suggest, advise [同] || 建议 reflect, refresh, recruit, refund ||反射, 刷新, 招募, 退还 reform, inform, conform (to), transform, form, perform ||改革, 通知, 使…一致, 改变, 形成, 履行, reformation, information, conformation, transformation, formation ||改革, 通知, 形态, 变化, 形成 regime, regiment, region, register ||政体, (军队)团, 区域, 注册 regulate, lay down [同] ||规定 reject, inject, object (to), project, eject, subject … to (vt) ||驳回, 注射, 反对, 投射, 逐出, 题目 relatively, comparatively, absolutely ||相对地, 比较地, 绝对地 relevant to, irrelevant to, resistant to ||与…相关的, 与…不相关的, 对…有抵抗力的 relieve, retrieve, retreat ||减轻, 重新找回, 撤退/退缩 reluctant = unwilling ||不愿意的,不情愿的 removal, refusal, rehearsal, renewal ||除去, 拒绝, 预演, 更新 render, make, cause ||使…[使役动词] repeatedly, reportedly ||重复地, 据传/据报道 represent (=stand for), present ||代表, 呈现/奉献 request, ask, demand, expect, require ||请求, 要求, 要求, 期待, 要求 requirement, replacement, resentment, retirement ||需求, 替换, 怨恨, 退休 resemble (=look like), assemble ||像…一样, 集合/组装 resident, president, residential, presidential ||居民, 总统, 住宅的, 总统的 resist, resort to ||抵抗, 采取/诉诸 respectful, respectable, respective ||恭敬的, 可敬的, 各自的 result from, result in ||由…产生, 导致 retain, retard, restore, retire ||保持, 妨碍, 恢复, 退休 revenue, tax, duty, tariff ||税收, 税, 关税[个人], 关税[企业、国家] revise, reveal, review, reverse ||修订, 显示, 复查, 相反 revolve, revolt ||旋转, 反抗 ridiculous, absurd [同] ||荒谬的 rigid, strict, stern, severe ||严格的, 严格的, 严厉的, 严厉的 rotate, revolve, circulate, circle ||旋转, 旋转, 流通, 转圈 sacrifice, sanction ||牺牲, 处分 scope, range, extent, degree ||范围, 范围, 程度, 程度 scrap, scrape, scratch, screen ||废弃, 刮, 抓/搔, 屏蔽/遮蔽 seemingly, apparently, superficially [同] ||表面上 sensation, feeling, emotion, sentiment ||感觉, 感觉, 情绪, 情操 sense, meaning, significance [同] ||意义 senseless, sensible, sensitive ||无意识的, 明智的, 敏感的 separately, independently ||个别地, 独立地 shatter, scatter, shelter ||粉碎, 分散, 掩蔽 shrink ||收缩,缩水 signal, sign, signature, significance ||信号, 标记, 签名, 重要性 simultaneously, spontaneous || 与此同时地, 自发的 slack, slender, slight, slim ||松弛的, 苗条的, 轻微的, 苗条的 slightly, somewhat [同] ||略微地, 稍稍 slip, slap, slash, slam ||滑倒, 打…的耳光, 猛砍, 砰地关上 slump, dump, lump ||消沉, 倾倒, 块 snatch, smash, snap, smuggle ||攫取, 打碎, 猛地吸住, 走私 specially, specifically ||特别地, 特定地 specify, specialize (in) ||规定, 专攻 specimen, species, speculation ||标本/样本, 物种, 沉思 spectacular, special, specific ||辉煌的, 特殊的, 特定的 spoil, spell, spill, split ||损坏, 拼写, [液体]溢出, 分裂/切分 status, surplus ||状态, 剩余 stem from, derive from, originate from ||起源于, 从…衍生出来, 起源于 strain, stress ||过度疲劳, (心理)压力 strike...as, impress ||给…留下…的印象, 给留印象 subordinate, coordinate ||使…从属于, 协调 subsequence, consequence, sequence ||后继, 后果, 次序 substantial, supreme, stubborn, subtle ||量大的, 至高无上的, 顽固的, 微妙的 substitute, institute, constitute ||替换, 建立, 制定 subtract, extract, attract, contract ||减去, 取出/拔出, 吸引, 收缩 sufficient, proficient, efficient, deficient ||足够的, 精通, 效率高的, 有缺陷的 superstition, suspicion, supervision ||迷信, 怀疑, 监督 supplement, implement, complement, compliment ||补充, 工具, 补语, 称赞 strategic, subjective, subsidiary, subsequent ||战略的, 主观的, 辅助的, 后来的 surroundings, environment, setting ||环境, 环境, 小环境 survey, survive, supervise, revise ||调查, 生存, 监督, 修订 sustain, suspect, suspend ||承受, 怀疑, 吊销 suspension, suspicion ||吊销, 怀疑 sympathize with||同情, 体谅 symbolic, sympathetic, synthetic, systematic ||象征性的, 有同情心的, 合成的, 系统的 symptom, sympathy, symphony, symbol ||症状, 同情心, 交响乐, 符号 tactics, strategy ||战术, 策略 tedious, prestigious, religious ||冗长乏味的, 声望很高的, 宗教的/虔诚的 testimony, proof, evidence ||证词, 证据, 证据 thank, appreciate, grateful, appreciation, gratitude (to) ||感谢, 感谢, 感激的, 感谢, 感激 thoroughly, therefore, thereby, though ||十分地, 因此, 因此, 不过 thread, threat, thrift, throat ||线, 恐吓, 节俭, 咽喉 tolerate, tolerant, tolerance, endure, endurance ||忍受, 宽容的, 宽容, 耐久, 耐力 transaction, interaction, action, sanction ||交易, 相互作用, 动作, 处分 transfer, transmit, transport, transform ||调动/转移, 传输, 运输, 改变 transparent, apparent ||透明的, 显然的 transmit, emit, commit, admit, permit, submit ||传输, 发出, 犯, 容许, 允许, 服从 trauma, triumph ||创伤, 胜利 turbulent, tranquil ||吵闹的, 安静的 undergo, underline, undermine, undertake ||经历, 在…下划线, 破坏, 承担 unexpectedly, unfortunately, undoubtedly, unquestionably ||出乎意料地, 不幸的是, 无庸置疑地, 无疑地 unprecedented, unintelligible, unidentified, unexpected ||空前的, 难解的, 未查明的, 意外的 vacant, vague, valid, variable ||空的, 模糊的, 有效的, 可变的 vary, variation, various, variety, variable ||改变, 变化, 各种各样的, 多样化, 变量 vehicle, means ||机动车, 方法/手段 vicious, vertical, verbal, victorious ||恶性的, 垂直的, 口头的, 常胜的 vigorous, energetic, rigorous, rigid ||精力充沛的, 精力充沛的, 严格的, 严格的 violate, vibrate ||违反, 振动 virtue, vice ||德行, 美德;恶习,恶行 visibility, validity, vitality ||能见度, 有效性, 活力 vivid, vital, vitality, vitamin, revive, survive, revival, survival, survivor ||生动的, 生死攸关的, 活力, 维生素, 苏醒, 生存, 苏醒, 生存, 幸存者 vulnerable, voluntary, typical, tropical ||易受伤害的, 义务的/无偿的, 典型的, 热带的 warrant, warranty ||证明/许可证, 理由 wary, cautious, watchful, alert ||机警的, 谨慎的, 注意的, 警惕的 waterproof, watertight, worthwhile, widespread ||防水的, 不漏水的, 值得做的, 普遍的 welfare, wilderness ||福利, 荒野 withstand, withdraw, witness, worship ||与…对抗, 收回, 作证, 崇拜 worth, worthless, worthy of, worthwhile ||值…, 无价值的, 值得…的, 值得做的 重点词组 说明: 1标有★号的词项应为重点词汇,★号越多,该词越重要。 2 用黑体字标注的词义是重点测试词义。 as far as (conj.) 就...而言;在...范围内 as good as (adv.) 几乎 as long as★ (conj.) 只要 as soon as (conj.) 一...就 as well as (=in addition to) (prep.) 除...之外还 as follows★ (不跟宾语) 如下 as regards★ (+ 宾语) 至于,关于 at heart 在内心里;实质上 at intervals★ 不时;相隔一定的距离 at large★★ 逍遥法外的;完全地,详尽地 at length 最后,终于
at best 充其量,至多 at hand 在手边;在附近 at most 最多,至多,不超过 at once 立即;同时 at a time ★每次;在某个时刻 at one time曾经,一度 at times★ 有时,不时 at no time★★ 决不,在任何时候都不
by no means ★ 决不,并没有 in no case ★决不,无论如何不 in no time 立即,立刻;马上 in no way★ 决不,一点也不
at any rate★ 无论如何;至少 不管怎样 in any case 无论如何,总之 不管怎样 in any event 不管怎样,无论如何
by accident /chance ★ 偶然 by far + 比较级/最高级: …得多;最最 by hand 用手;用手工的 by mistake /error 错误地 by means of ★ 用,凭借,依靠 by reason of ★ 由于,因为 by way of ★ 通过…方法;经由(=via)
in advance 在前面;预先 in detail 详细地 in general 通常,一般地说 in particular ★特别地,尤其,详细地 in person 亲自;身体上;外貌上 in question ★ 正在谈论的 in time最后,终于(=in the end); 及时 in turn 依次,轮流 in vain ★ 徒劳,白辛苦;轻慢
in charge of 主管,掌管,照管 in consequence of ★由于,因为…的缘故 in favor of ★ 赞成,对…有利 in honor of 为祝贺…,向…表示敬意 in light of ★ 按照,根据;鉴于 in memory of 纪念… in place of代替,取代
in accordance with 与…一致;按照,根据 in line with与…一致 in step with与…步调一致 in touch with★与…(保持)联系
in the course of 在…期间,在…过程中 in the event of★★ 如果…发生,万一 in the face of 面对;尽管★ in the light of★按照,根据
on average★平均起来,一般说来 on purpose 为了;故意地 on sale 上市的;减价;贱卖 on schedule★按照预定时间,准时
on the grounds of★★以…为理由;根据 on the point of★即将...的时候 at the cost of 以…为代价 at the mercy of★在…支配下
on the road 在旅途中 on the side★作为兼职;另外 on the spot★★当场,立即;在现场 on the contrary★★正相反
out of breath 喘不过气来 out of control 失去控制 out of date 过时的,陈旧的 out of order 不整齐;发生故障 out of place不得其所的,不适当的 out of practice久不练习,荒疏 out of sight 看不见,视线之外 out of the question 不可能的 out of touch失去联系 out of表示“没有,缺乏(without, lacking)”和“未处在某种状态中或范围内(not in)”
above all★首先,首要,尤其是 after all 毕竟,终究;虽然这样 in all 总共,共计 for all + 名词 ★★ 虽然,尽管
back and forth (前后)来回地,往返 by and by 不久以后,将来 off and on★★断断续续地,不时地 now and then 时而,不时 于是,然后
anything but★★除…以外任何事(物) nothing but 只有;只不过 all but★★几乎,差一点 none but 只有
other than (prep.) ★★除了 (no/none…other than除了…没有;只有,正是) rather than★ 宁愿;而不是 more than 不仅仅 better than 比…好
take advantage of★ 趁…之机,利用 take charge of负责(照看);接管 catch sight of 发现,看到,突然看见 get rid of★ 摆脱,除去 make use of 利用,使用
break away 突然离开;逃跑,脱身 break down 打破;发生故障★ break in 非法或强行进入;打断 break off ★ (使)折断;中断;断绝 break out★ (战争等)爆发;逃出 break through★突破,冲垮;突围 break up 分裂,分解;解散 打碎;(关系)破裂
bring about 带来;使(船)掉过头来 bring down★降低(温度等);使倒下 bring forward 使涌现出 提出(建议等);显示 bring out★使…显示出来;公布 bring up 打电话 教育;提出(供讨论)
call for★★要求,需要,提倡 call on/upon访问;号召;呼吁★ call up 征召(服役),动员 call off 叫走,叫开;取消
come about★发生;(风等)改变方向 come across 偶然碰到 come off★★★成功,达到预期效果(succeed) come to 苏醒;共计;达到
cut across 抄近路穿过,对直通过 cut down★砍倒;消减;缩短 cut in (汽车)超车,抢挡 cut off 切掉;切断;阻隔 cut out 切掉;删掉;停止
fall back on★★ 求助于,转而依靠 fall behind 落在…后面,跟不上 fall out 争吵;闹翻 fall through★ 失败,成为泡影
get at 到达;了解;查明 get by 通过;走过,侥幸躲过 get down to★★ 着手进行 get over★★ 克服(困难等),从…康复 get to 到达;接触;开始
go without★凑合,没有…也行(manage without) go round 运转,流传开 go back on★违背,毁(约);食言 go for 为…去;努力获取 go in for★★ 从事于;酷爱;追求 go into 进入;投入;调查 go off 爆炸;被发射 go up 上升;(物价等)上涨 go over★ 检查;从头至尾温习 go through with完成;经历 go after★ 追逐,追求;设法得到
hold back★ 踌躇,退缩不前,阻止 hold on (to) 握住不放;坚持下去 hold out 伸出;坚持;支持 hold up 举起;耽搁★;抢劫
keep back 留在后面;阻止;隐瞒 keep down★ 控制;压服;缩减开支 keep off★ 避开;不让…接近 keep on 继续进行,反复地做
lay aside 把…放在一边;储存 lay down★★★ 放下;铺设(铁路) lay off★★ 停止;(临时)解雇 lay out 花费;布置;摆开
live by靠…过活 live on 靠…生活;以…为食 live through★经历过;度过;经受住 live up to★★无愧于;做到;符合
look down upon俯视;轻视★ look in 顺便看望,顺便访问 look into★★调查 look on★旁观;观看;面向 look over 从…上面看过去;检查 look through (从头至尾)浏览;温习 look up to 仰视,尊敬
make for★走向,向…前进;冲向 make out★开列;辨认出 make up 拼凑;组成;补偿 make up for★★补偿,弥补
pull down★拆毁,拉倒;使降低 pull in/ out (车)进站;(船)到岸 pull off 脱(帽等);努力实现 pull on 穿上;继续拉(或划) pull up★(使)停下;拔起(树等)
put out★ 熄灭;关(灯);出版 put up with 容忍 put down 记录下; 镇压 put up 举起;安装;张贴
run across★偶尔发现 run against★违反,违背 run into 跑进;偶然遇到;共计 run out of★缺乏,耗尽
see about★★ 负责处理(某事);查看 see off 送别 see through 看穿;干完,干到底 see to★ 负责,注意,照料
set about★★ 开始;散布(谣言等) set forth★ 阐明,提出 set off/out 动身,出发;使爆炸 set up 开办;建立;设立
turn in 转身进入;拐入;交出 turn over (机器等)运转;翻过来(upset) ★ turn to 变成;求助于;着手 turn up★ 出现;找到;证明是
bring about 带来;使(船)掉过头来 come about★发生 hang about 闲荡;聚在…临近 see about★负责处理(某事);查看 set about★开始;散布(谣言等)
ask after★★询问,问候 go after 追逐,追求;设法得到 look after照顾,寻求 seek after 寻找;探索;追求
break away 突然离开;逃跑,脱身 clear away 把…清除掉;(云)消失 give away★ 泄露(秘密等);赠送 pass away 消失;去世;终止
fall back on★求助于,转而依靠 go back on★违背,毁(约);食言 hold back★ 踌躇,退缩不前,阻止 keep back 留在后面;阻止;隐瞒 pay back 偿还(借款等);回报
break down★ 打破;发生故障;中止 bring down★ 降低(温度等);使倒下 calm down 平静下来;镇定下来 cool down 冷却下来 cut down 砍倒;消减;缩短 die down★渐弱;平息;枯萎 hand down★ 把…传下来;传给 keep down 控制;压服;缩减开支 knock down 撞倒;击落;拆除 lay down★★ 放下;铺设(铁路) let down 放下;降低;使…失望★ pull down 拆毁,拉倒;使降低 settle down 定居;安下心来 shut down放下来关上(窗等);(使)关闭
account for★ 占(比例);说明(原因等);解释 allow for★ 考虑到,估计到;体谅 ask for 请求,要求,寻求 call for★ 要求,需要,提倡 care for 关怀,照管;愿意 go for 为…去;努力获取 head for★ 朝…方向走去 make for★ 走向,向…前进;冲向 long for 渴望 pay for 偿还;受到惩罚 seek for 追求,寻找 send for 派人去请;召唤;索取
check in 办理登记手续,报到 cut in (汽车)超车,抢挡 deal in 经营 draw in (火车、汽车)进站 give in★ 投降;交上去;听任 look in 顺便看望,顺便访问 result in★ 引起,结果是;导致 take in★ 欺骗;接收 turn in递交; 转身进入;拐入 pull in/ out (车)进/出站;(船)到岸/离港
break into 强行或非法进入 burst into 闯入;突然发作 go into★ 投入;调查 inquire into追究,调查 look into★ 调查 run into 偶然遇到
back off 屈服,放弃 break off★★ 中断;(使)折断;断绝 call off★取消(=cancel) carry off 拿走,夺去…的生命 come off★★★ 成功,取得预期的效果 cut off 切掉;切断;阻隔 go off★ 爆炸;被发射 keep off 避开;不让…接近 lay off★ 停止;(临时)解雇 pay off 还清(债款) pull off 脱(帽等);努力实现 ring off 挂断电话;停止讲话 see off 送别 send off 寄出;为…送行 set off 动身,出发;使爆炸 shake off 摆脱;抖落 show off★ 炫耀,卖弄 shut off送行,送别 wear off★ 逐渐消失;磨掉;耗损 write off★ 注销;勾销
carry on 继续开展,坚持下去 count on 依靠;期待,指望 focus on聚焦于,集中于;中心、主题为 keep on 继续进行,反复地做 live on 靠…生活;以…为食 look on 旁观;观看;面向 pass on 把…传给别人;转入 pull on 穿上;继续拉(或划) take on★ 呈现(面貌);接受;包含;领会 try on 试穿;试用;试验 wait on 服侍(某人) call on 访问;号召;呼吁 reflect on★ 对…深思
break out (战争等)爆发;逃出 bring out★ 使…显示出来;公布 burn out 烧坏;烧尽,筋疲力尽 carry out 进行(到底),开展 check out 结账后离开;检验合格 come out★ 出版;传出;显现 count out 点…的数 cross out★ 删去(delete),取消 cut out 切掉;删掉;停止 die out★ 消失,灭绝(be extinct);熄灭 drop out 退出,退学;掉落 fall out 争吵;闹翻 figure out 计算出;估计;理解 find out 查明;找到;发现 hand out 分派;把…拿出来 hold out 伸出;坚持;支持 knock out (拳击中)击倒,打晕 lay out 布置;摆开 leave out★ 忽略,遗漏;省略 let out 放掉(水等),发出 make out★ 开列;辨认出 pick out 选出,挑出 point out 指出,指明;解释 put out★ 熄灭;关(灯);出版 set out 打算,动身;开始 try out (彻底)试验 wear out★ 穿破,用坏;耗尽(体力) run out of缺少,快用完(run short of) watch out for 密切注意;戒备,提防
get over★ 克服(困难等),从…康复 go over 检查;从头至尾温习 hand over★ 交出,移交;让与 pass over★省略,忽略 look over 从…上面看过去;检查 put over予以利用,使用 think over 仔细考虑 turn over (机器等)运转;翻过来
break through★ 突破,冲垮;突围 fall through★ 失败,成为泡影 get through 到达;完成;接通电话 live through★ 经历过;度过;经受住 look through (从头至尾)浏览;温习 see through★ 看穿;干完,干到底
adapt to★ 适应 add to 扩大,扩建,增加 agree to 同意,商定 appeal to★ 上诉,对…有吸引力(attract) apply to 向…申请或要求;适用于 attend to 专心;照顾,护理 come to 苏醒;共计;达到 contribute to★ 对…起作用 get to 到达;接触;开始 happen to (do) 碰巧( chance to do) lead to 通向,导致;引起 turn to 变成;求助于;着手
back up 支持,援助;倒退 break up 分裂,分解;解散;(关系)破裂 bring up★ 抚养,教育;提出(供讨论) build up★ 树立;逐步建立;增大 burn up (炉火等)烧旺起来 call up 征召(服役),动员 check up 核对,检验 cheer up 使高兴,使高兴起来 clear up 消除(误会等);整理 come up 走近;(从土中)长出 cover up 掩盖,掩饰 draw up★ 起草,制订 dress up 穿上盛装 give up 放弃;投降;抛弃 go up 上升;(物价等)上涨 hold up★ 举起;耽搁(delay);抢劫 light up★ 照亮;点(烟) make up 拼凑;组成;补偿 mix up 混合,混淆;搞糊涂 pick up 拣起;(车等)中途搭人 pull up★ (使)停下;拔起(树等) put up 举起;安装;张贴 set up 开办;建立;设立 show up★ 露面;使显现 shut up住嘴 sum up 总结,概括 take up 拿起;开始从事;占去/占据 turn up★ 出现;露面 use up 用完,耗尽;花完 warm up 变温暖;变热 wash up 洗餐具;洗手洗脸 wind up★ 结束,停止 face up to 勇敢地面对;大胆面向 live up to★★ 无愧于;做到;符合 look up to敬重,尊敬 add up to 共计
catch up with 赶上 come up with★★★提出(建议、方案等) end up with 以…而告终 put up with★ 忍受 keep up with 跟上,与…保持同步
cope with 对付,妥善处理 deal with 做买卖;处理;安排 do without没有…而将就过 go without没有…而将就过
regardless of★★★不顾,不管 with regard/respect to关于 with the exception of★★除…之外 prior to 在…之前,先于… piece together 拼合,拼凑在一起 take into account★★把…考虑进去;重视 throw / cast light on★揭示 up to date 最现代/先进的;最新的(=latest) far from 决不,完全不 (=not at all)
in case + sentence假如;免得/ in case of + noun假如发生,万一发生 as a result / as a result of作为结果 in consequence / in consequence of 结果是,因此 if only(与虚拟式连用)但愿,要是…就好了 / only if(位于句首用倒装)只要★ beyond question 毫无疑问,无可争辩 / without question 毫无疑问(indisputably) out of the question 不可能的/ in question 正在谈论的 be about to do / on the point of doing 即将(做) but for★倘没有,要不是(与虚拟式连用) / except for 除…之外 cannot but 不得不 / cannot help (doing) 不得不;忍不住 due to 由于;应归于,由…造成的★ / thanks to 由于,多亏 / owing to 由于,因为 in the event of + noun / in the event that + sentence★★如果…发生,万一 on the grounds of + noun / on the grounds that + sentence★★★以…为理由;根据 in the least(用于否定)一点(也不),丝毫(不)/ at the least 至少,起码 interfere in/ with 干涉,干预 leave alone不打扰,听其自然,不要去管 /let alone 不干涉;不碰;更不用说★ result in 引起,结果是;导致 / result from 是由…造成的
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