English-Chinese Translation(英译汉)

一. 英译汉测试要求：
在一篇约400字的短文中有5个划线部分(约150字), 考生应根据上下文将各划线部分译成汉语。译文必须内容准确、完整、语言明白、字迹清楚。每一划线部分为1小题，每小题2分，共10分。解题时间为25 -- 30分钟。

二. 2004年英译汉试题分析小结：
试题文章长度：350字。2004年英译汉试题5个划线句子的字数分别为：30、29、31、27和39，总计156字。其中定语从句5 句。今年全国统考试卷英译汉平均分为5.32分。与近年同类试题难度比较：属中等。据考试中心分析，考生失分原因主要有两点：1) 微观方面：对词义的掌握不够到位，对某些关键词词义理解有偏差；2) 宏观方面：不能根据上下文的逻辑联系来把握句子的内含，不能根据句子的总体意思来引申、表达某些词汇和词组的含义。

三. 预测2005年英译汉划线句子命题特点：
1. 句子语法结构和逻辑关系比较复杂；定语从句必考，比较状语从句和其它类型状语从句常考；例如：
The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took roots in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be. (30 words)
剖析：that引导宾语从句，作assumed的宾语。which引导非限制性定语从句，代表前面主句中“语言结构与思维过程之间存在着某种联系”这一观点。定语从句中before引导的时间状语从句修饰谓语took roots in Europe的时间。

译文：希腊人认为，语言结构与思维过程之间存在着某种联系。这一观点在人们尚未认识到语言的千差万别
以前就早已在欧洲扎下了根。

2. 句中有代词（或关系代词），它们的指代关系必须根据上下文才能判断并译出； 例如：
Two anthropologist-linguists, Frans Boas and Edward Sapir, were pioneers in describing many native languages of North and South America during the first half of the twentieth century. We are obliged to them because some of these
(1)
languages have since vanished, as the people [who spoke them] died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages. (2)

剖析：(1)them指代前面一句中“Two anthropologist-linguists, Frans Boas and Edward Sapir, pioneers”，应译出其指代关系。Be obliged to 表示“感激”；because引导的原因从句修饰主句谓语are obliged；as引导的原因从句修饰主句谓语have vanished；who引导的定语从句修饰先行词people；(2)them指代前面的名词“these languages”。
译文：我们之所以感激这两位先驱者，是因为在此之后这些土著语言已经不复存在了；这是由于说这些语言的人（部族）或是消亡了，或是被同化并丧失了自己的本族语言。

3. 句中有的词组属惯用搭配或成语，有的句子属惯用句型，有固定译法；例如上面句子中的take roots in(扎根于); be obliged to (对……感激); die out（死绝）；又如：not so much … as (与其说是…；倒不如说是…；when it comes to (当谈到…时)；accuse sb. of sth (控告某人犯有…。

4. 句中有的词、词组或句子必须根据上下文进行引申并意译，直译往往无法表达原文的内涵，例如：
Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determination which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society.
剖析：come to do sth. 意为“逐渐做某事；进而做某事”。in its strongest form “以其最强有力的形式”，与states连用可意译为“其极端说法是”。far-reaching consequences 意为“深远的影响”。

译文：Whorf 进而相信某种类似语言决定论的观点，其极端说法是：语言禁锢思维，语言的语法结构能对一个社会的文化产生深远的影响。

四. 英译汉试题的应试方法：
1. 把握主题、抓住展开文章的层次、紧扣上下文的逻辑联系，边读、边分析、边理解、边表达，然后落笔成文、
核对原文、查错补漏。
3. 先从句子的宏观结构进行主句与从句的语法“切割”，划出主句中与从句中的主谓结构，然后把各自的修饰
关系用箭头表示，从而领会其逻辑上的相互联系及内涵。具体步骤为：先“分”后“合”、先“死” 后 ”活”。

五. 英译汉试题中常考句型示例与翻译:

1. with + 名词 + 现在分词或过去分词所构成的独立主格：
1) With the prices and house rents increasing rapidly, many young university graduates cannot earn their living, let alone support their parents. (21 words)
译文：随着（由于）物价和房租迅速上涨，许多年轻大学毕业生无法挣钱养活自己，更不用说赡养父母了。

2) In recent months law-enforcement agencies have found themselves on the defensive over wiretapping(窃听) and other intelligence-gathering technology, with Congress and the courts increasingly backing demands for greater accountability and restraint. (30 words)
译文：

2. not so much … as … (=less … more …) 的译法：
In order to detect the misprints in a single print, the proofreader has to notice not so much the meaning of what he reads as the exact shape and order of letters and words in the text. (37 words)
译文：为了发现稿件中的印刷错误，校对员必须与其说注意所读材料的含义，倒不如说注意文章中字母和单词的确切形状和顺序。

3. more … than 的译法：逆序法。
There is more agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term intelligence than there is on how to interpret or
classify them. (26 words)
译文：人们对智力所指的不同种类的行为表现比对这些表现如何进行解释或分类，看法更为一致。

2) A million years ago, man was little more than an animal; but early men had several advantages over the animals.
译文：

3) Railroads typically charge such “captive” shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business.
译文：与有另一条铁路竞争这笔生意时相比，铁路公司对这样一些“被套住的”货主特意多收20-30%的运费。

4. as … as … , as much … as …, as many … as … , as well as …, as 从句，not … , as … 的灵活译法：
1) But for many, the fact that poor people are able to support themselves almost as well without government aid as they did with it is in itself a huge victory. (30 words)

译文：对于许多人来说，穷人能不靠政府救济养活自己，而且生活得几乎和过去有政府救济时一样好，这件事本身就是一个巨大的胜利。

2) Hardly any adult in a thousand, or ten thousand, could in any three years of his life learn as much, grow as much in his understanding of the world around him, as every infant learns and grows in his first three years. (42 words)
译文：

3) While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. (36 words)

译文：虽然历史学的定义与历史学家几乎一样多（= 虽然几乎每个历史学家都有自已对历史学的定义），但是现代史学家的实践最趋于认为，历史学是试图重现和解释过去的重大事件（= 史实）。

4) Spiders are not insects, as many people think, nor even nearly related to them.
译文：

5) But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are anti-science, as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.
译文：但是肯定与去年五月“美国新闻和世界报导”中一篇文章似乎认为的不一样，那并不是说，关注工业无节制发展的环境专家是反科学的。

6) New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.

译文：同过去一样，将来必然会出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象，从而形成（产生）新的完美标准。

5. what从句的译法 － what词义的引申译法：
1) What he has demonstrated, he believes, is that lack of control over an event, not the experience itself, is what weakens the immune system. (24 words)
译文：他认为，他所论证的 是，缺乏对事件的驾驭能力而不是经验本身降低了免疫系统的功能。

2) Physics is the present-day equivalent of what used to be called natural philosophy, from which most of present-day science arose. (20 words)

译文：物理学目前等于过去称之为自然哲学的 , 由此产生了目前大部分的科学。

6. 定语从句的前置合译法：
On the whole, such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the others with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished
(词义引伸)
by lack of relevant information which they possessed. (58 words)

译文：总的来说，得出这种结论是有一定程度把握的，但是必须具备两个条件：能够假定这个孩子对测试的态度和与他比较的另一些孩子的态度相同；他也没有因为缺乏别的孩子已掌握的有关知识而被扣分。

7. 定语从句的前置合译法与后置分译法：
Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or

her capacity for appropriate response will experience greater intellectual development. (30 words)

译文：

8. 定语从句的溶合译法：
This assumption rests on the fallacy of the inherent laziness in human nature; actually, aside from abnormally lazy people, there would be very few who would not want to earn more than the minimum, and who would prefer to do nothing rather than work. (48 words) (反义正译) (反义正译)

译文：这种假设是依据这样一种谬论：人的本性中存在天生的惰性。而实际上，除了特别懒惰的人以外，几乎没有人愿意挣只相当于最低生活维持费的钱，也没有人愿意饱食终日、无所事事。

This translates into more than 10 new cases of HIV avoided per day, a figure that causes one to pause and consider whether the war on drugs is being fought in the best manner possible.

9. 形容词短语前置，用法相当于分词短语，表示各种隐含的状语意义：
Anxious to get rid of being charged , companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident. (21 words)

译文：

10. 形容词短语后置，作定语，用法相当于分词短语，可合译，也可分译：逆序法
There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the

research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. (29 words) 译法：上面整句采用逆序法翻译。

译文：方法论究竟是指一般历史研究中特有的概念，还是指历史探究中各个具体领域适用的研究手段，人们对此意见不一。

11. not + 谓语动词 … + because … 的否定转移译法：
Individual manufacturers do not necessarily rely on their relatives because they cannot obtain financial support from commercial banks. They may actually avoid them because they assume that the banks either cannot understand their special needs or charge unreasonably high interest rates. (41 words)
译文：个体企业家并不是因为无法从商业银行借到金融贷款而必须依靠他们的亲属。他们可能实际上躲开银行，因为他们觉得这些银行要么不能理解少数民族企业的特殊需要，要么收取的利率太高。

not … because … 的句型翻译时，否定词并非一定要转移，如：I did not go because I was ill. (我没去，因为我病了。) 可见，是否需要否定转移取决于句意和上下文语境。如在because 前加just，则前面的否定就不能转移，如：You need not be ashamed just because you got D in the exam. (就是因为你考试得个D，你也用不着害羞。)

12. not a little, not a bit, not … in the least, not the least 的汉译：
1) He was not a little surprised. 他很吃惊。 2) He was not a bit surprised. 他一点也不吃惊。
3) He was not surprised in the least. 他丝毫也没有吃惊。4)There is not the least wind today. 今天一点风也没有。

13. not that … , but that …或强调形式：It is not that …, but that … 的汉译：
Our boast is not that we have more ideas or brilliant ideas but that our ideas are better tested.
译文：我们自我夸耀倒不是因为我们的主意多或我们的主意好，而是因为我们的主意都是经过更好检验的。

14. It was not until that … 与Not until … 的译法：
As was discussed before, it was not until the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic medium. (=It was discussed before that not until the 19th century did the newspaper become the dominant pre-electronic medium.)
译文：正如以前谈过，直到19世纪报纸才成为电子时代以前的主导媒体。

15. as 引导的特殊状语从句的译法：
Dr. Pyke contended that the scientific revolution, as we call it, is largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.
译文：

Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions, be they Christian, Islamic, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on. (2001,10)
译文：

16. cannot… too … 的译法:
Doctors can never be too careful to make such a critical decision, as it is a matter of life and death to the patient.
译文：

六. 英译汉考前冲刺练习：宏观着眼，微观入手，瞻前顾后，深入领会，先分后合，先死后活，核对原文，查
错补漏。

Custom has not commonly been regarded as a subject of any great moment. 1) The inner workings of our own brains we feel to be uniquely worthy of investigation but, custom, we have a way of thinking, is behavior at its most commonplace. (29 words) As a matter of fact, it is the other way around. 2) Traditional custom, taken the world over, is a mass of detailed behavior more astonishing than what any one person can ever evolve in individual actions, no matter how curious and abnormal. (31 words) Yet that is a rather trivial aspect of the matter. The fact of first-rate importance is the predominant role that custom plays in experience and in belief, and the very great varieties it may manifest.

No man ever looks at the world with primitive and unchanged eyes. He sees it edited by a definite set of customs and institutions and ways of thinking. 3) Even in his philosophical probings he cannot go behind these stereotypes; his very concepts of the true and the false will still have reference to his particular traditional customs. (29 words) John Dewey has said in all seriousness that the part played by custom in shaping the behavior of the individual, as against any way in which we can affect traditional custom, is as the proportion of the total vocabulary of his mother tongue against those words of his own baby talk that are taken up into the vernacular of his family. 4) When one seriously studies the social orders that have had the opportunity to develop autonomously, the figure becomes no more than an exact and matter-of-fact observation. (26 words)

The life history of the individual is first and foremost an accommodation to the patterns and standards traditionally handed down in his community. From the moment of his birth, the customs into which he is born shape his experience and behavior. 5) Every child that is born into his group will share them with him, and no child born into one on the opposite side of the globe can ever achieve the thousandth part. (32 words) There is no social problem it is more responsible for us to understand than this of the role of custom. Until we are intelligent as to its laws and varieties, the main complicating facts of human life must remain unintelligible. (381 words)

Notes: the other way round 正好相反。go behind 探究；进一步斟酌。stereotype n. 定型，常规，旧框框。have reference to 参照 … , 与 … 有关。 as against sth. (=in contrast with sth.) 与 … 对照；与 … 相比：We had twelve hours of sunshine yesterday, as against a forecast of continuous rain. （昨天有12小时的晴天，而预报却说仍有雨。）vernacular 方言，土语；take up 接纳，吸收。first and foremost 比什么都重要，首要的。