96年——2003年完形参考答案
96年 66 – 70 ADDAB; 71 – 75 CDAAD; 76 – 80 BACBB; 81 – 85 DBCBA
97年 66 – 70 ACDAC; 71 – 75 DCCBD; 76 – 80 AADBC; 81 – 85 BBCAB
98年 66 －70 BDCDC; 71 – 75 BADAA; 76 – 80 BDBCD; 81 – 85 BDDCC
99年 66 – 70 DCBCA; 71 – 75 DCABD; 76 – 80 BCADA; 81 – 85 CDDBA
00年 66 – 70 DACDB; 71 – 75 BACAB; 76 – 80 CBDBC; 81 – 85 DACCD
01年 71 –75 DACDD; 76 – 80 AACDB; 81 – 85 CDABA; 86 – 90 ABDCD
02年 71 – 75 CADBC; 76 – 80 DABCA; 81 – 85 BDCAB; 86 – 90 ACDBC
03年 71 – 75 DCACB; 76 – 80 DCBAB; 81 – 85 ADABC; 86 – 90 DCABD
完形练习答案
Test 1
66. C 67. A 68. C 69. B 70. D 71. A 72. B 73. B 74. A 75. C 76. D
77. B 78. A 79. D 80. A 81. A 82. B 83. B 84. D 85. C
Test 2
61—65 BCADC; 66—70 CABCA; 71—75 CDAAC; 76—80 ACBAC
Test 3
61—65 BABCD; 66—70 ACBBD; 71—75 CABCD; 76—80 ABCAD
Test 4
66. B 67. A 68. D 69. C 70. A 71. A 72. D 73. B 74. C 75. A 76. B
77. D 78. C 79. A 80. B 81. A 82. D 83. C 84. D 85. B
汉译英部分
I.时间短语
在过去的几十年里（96年）in the past / last decades
（生活了）40年或更长的时间（99年）（live） for 40 years or longer
过去50年（01年）the past / last fifty years
从1900年到1950年（01年）from 1900 to/till 1950
近50年来（01年）in the recent 50 years
A） 在过去一段时间内
数/几天/周/年前a few days / weeks / years ago
几天前/几天前的夜里/几月/年前 the other day/ night/ month / year
不久前some time ago
早些时候some time earlier, 早在两天前 two days earlier
前一夜the night before, 两月前two months before [与过去完成时连用]
在中国改革开放之前before China’s reform and opening policy
在奥运会开幕式之前prior/ previous to the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games
在过去的20年中in the past / last two decades
整整一夜/周/年throughout the night/ week/ year
第二天/年 the next /following day / year
在20世纪90年代in the 1990s, 在80年代in the eighties,
在70年代初期/末期 in the early / late 70s
二战前夕on the eve of the second world war
早在1940年as early as 1940
短短两周内 in a short span of two weeks
B） 从过去到现在：
自冷战结束以来 since the end of cold war
改革开放以来 since the reform and opening policy
有半个世纪 for half a century
数年间over years, 随着时间的推移over time
随着时间的推移with the passage of time
至今，到目前up till/to now）, 到目前为止， 至今so far
近年来in recent years
近日 recently / lately
C） 从时间的一点到另一点，即“在……期间”
在过去两年间 over the past two years，在过去40年间over the past 40 years，
在几个月里over a number of months
从早到晚from morning till/to night, 从周一到周五from Monday to Friday，
从开始到结束from the beginning to the end
在二战期间during the second world war
整整一个夏天throughout the summer，整整一年/周the whole year/ week
D） 将来时间点
将来，今后in the future
10个月后in ten months’ time， 5年后 in five years’ time
未来的数天/年内in the days/ years to come
从/自3月份起 from March on/ onward
再过半个月 in another half month’s time
E） 到某个时间点
到月底/年底 by the end of the month / year,
到世纪之交 by the turn of the century,
到天黑 by dark
接近战争末期 toward the end of the war
将近20世纪末 toward the end of the 20th century
考试结束之前 before the exam is over, 天黑前before dark
F） 早期/晚期
一清早 early in the morning,
深夜 late in the night,
周日晚些时候 late on Sunday
下半年/本世纪下半叶in the second half of the year / century,
在20世纪初期/晚期in the early/late 20th century
II. 范围、方面
在……方面： 管理人员的培训和开发方面（96年）
in the training and developing / exploiting of management personnel
在……中： 在我们的这个环境供养系统中（98年）
in our environmental supplying system
这些动植物中（98年）of animals and plants
在吸咽的家庭环境中（99年）in a smoking family environment
对……来说：对促进中国人民和世界其他地方人民的交流来说（00年）
to promote the exchange between the people of China and other parts of the world
就……而言： as far as sth. is concerned, to / for …
至于……: as for / as to
III. “对”的翻译方法
对探索卓有成效的领导艺术的奥秘感兴趣 （96年）
（interested） in probing the mysteries of effective leadership
对美国作出了杰出贡献（97年）
（make notable contributions） to the United States
对我们有用 （98年）
useful to us
对你的肺有危害（99年）
do real harm to your lungs
对促进中国人民和世界其他地方人民的交流来说 （00年）
to promote the exchange between the people of China and other parts of the world
in promoting the exchange between the people of China and other parts of the world
IV. 偏正结构——“的”字的翻译
1） 介词类
A） OF
管理人员的培训和开发（96年）the training and exploiting of management personnel
卓有成效的领导艺术的奥秘（96年）the mysteries of effective leadership
亚裔移民的祖籍国家（97年）the homelands of Asian immigrants,
全国人民的生活水平（97年）the living standard of all Americans
这些动植物中的哪一种（98年）which kind of animals and plants
有加倍患肺癌的危险（99年） double the risk of lung cancer
发明创新的黄金时期（00年）the golden age of invention and innovation
发明的源泉（00年）the well-spring/ source of invention
发明的新时代（00年）a new age of invention
B） BETWEEN
我们自己与野生动植物之间的重要联系（98年）
the fundamental relation between ourselves and wild animals and plants
中国人民和世界其他地方人民的交流（00年）
the exchange between the people of China and other parts of the world
C） FOR
不同国家的人们互相理解的最佳媒体（00年）
the best medium for different people of different countries
D）FROM
受到管理研究者的关注（96年）receive attention from management researchers
2）定语从句类
约有3000名死于肺癌的人（99年）
about 3000 patients/people that/who died of lung cancer
改变人类生活的发明（00年）the inventions that have transformed human life
3）分词类
不吸烟的妇女, ……在吸烟的家庭环境中生活（99年）
nonsmoking women, women that do not smoke, live in a smoking family environment
翻译方法
(1) adj./n./p.p. [修饰语] + head noun [中心名词]：
环境意识 environmental awareness
可持续发展 sustainable development
相互尊重，相互信任 mutual respect and trust
人口爆炸 population explosion
朝阳企业 sunrise enterprises
商品经济 commodity economy,
人才外流 brain drain
计划生育 family planning
市场调控 market regulation and control
被污染的河流与湖泊 polluted rivers and lakes
计划经济 planned economy
日益增长的需求 ever-increasing demand
(2) head noun [中心名词] + 介词短语[修饰语]：
美国国务院的高级官员们 high-ranking officials from the State Department
美朝之间的核危机 the nuclear crisis between America and North Korea
正在建设中的网站 a website under construction
中东的和平进程 peace progress in the Mideast
解决该问题的方法 the solution to the problem
对健康的影响 effect on health
战争的结束 the end of the war
(3) noun [中心名词]+ 分词短语 [修饰语]：
为社区服务的志愿者 volunteers serving the community
受美国控制的政治党派political parties controlled by the USA
会上提出的建议 the proposals put forward at the meeting
以知识为基础的经济 the economy based on knowledge
在美国留学的中国学生 the Chinese students studying in America
(4) noun [中心名词] + to-infin.[修饰语]：
结束一切战争的战争 the war to end all wars
刺激消费的经济举措 the economic measures to stimulate consumption
增加出口的需要 the need to increase output
学好英语的愿望 the wish to learn English well
从“非典”中存活的可能性 the possibility / chance to survive the atypical pneumonia
出国深造的决定 the decision to go abroad for more advanced study
（5） noun [中心名词] + relative clause [that / which/ who/ when / where 修饰语].
等待即将把她送往澳洲的国际班机
await the international flight that will take her to Australia
他受伤的那天 the day when the war ended
他母亲遇害的地点 the place where his mother was killed
V．动宾搭配
探索卓有成效的领导艺术 （96年） probe the mysteries of effective leadership
作出了杰出贡献（97年）make notable contributions
促进了……发展, 提高了……生活水平（97年）
enhance… culture and raise/promote the living standard of…
供养人类生存，保护野生生物（98年）
supply the human being, the protection of wild animals
明白……重要联系（98年）understand the fundamental relation …
有加倍患肺癌的危险（99年）double the risk of lung cancer
互相理解（00年）understand each other
举办文化节（00年）hold cultural festivals
促进……交流（00年） promote the exchange
改变人类生活（01年）transform / change human life
“动宾搭配”翻译方法
（1） to do + object
证明我党的路线、方针、政策是正确的 to prove our Party’s line, principles and policies to be correct
动摇我们的方针，影响改革的全局 to undermine our policies and affect overall reform
隔几年上一个台阶 to reach a new stage every few years
有力地推动工业的发展 to stimulate industrial development
（2） doing + object
整顿经济秩序 rectifying the economic order
解放思想emancipating our mind
丧失时机losing opportunities
重视教育 attaching importance to education
（3） the + gerund + of + object
维护世界和平the preserving of world peace
实施新法律the enforcing of new laws
污染环境 the polluting of the environment
（4） noun + of + object
整顿经济秩序 rectification of the economic order
解放思想emancipation of our mind
维护世界和平preservation of world peace
尊重人权to respect human rights / respect for human rights
VI．基本句型
1. 系表结构：
管理人员的培训和开发方面, 领导艺术也是最热门的话题之一。（96）
It is also one of the hottest topics in the training and exploiting of management personnel.
环境科学家们说, 如果要使地球继续供养人类生存, 保护野生生物是极为重要的。（98）
Environmentalists say that the protection of wild animals is of vital importance if the earth is to supply the human being.
据美国肺协估计, 每年约有3000名死于肺癌的人是被动吸烟者。（99）
The American Lung Association estimates that about 3000 lung cancer deaths each year are due to breathing second-hand tobacco smoke.
文化是不同国家的人们互相理解的最佳媒体。（00）
Culture is the best medium for different people of different countries to understand each other.
过去50年其实并不是发明创新的黄金时期。（01）
Actually the past （last） fifty years may not have been the golden age of invention.
2. 动宾结构[携带性极强]：
在过去的几十年里, 可能没有任何其他话题比领导艺术更受到管理研究者的关注。（96）
In the past few decades, perhaps no other topics have received more attention from management researchers than the subject of art of leadership.
由于亚裔移民的祖籍国家具有丰富多样的传统, 他们大大促进了美国文化的发展, 提高了全国人民的生活水平。（97）
Through the rich and varied traditions of their homelands, they have greatly enhanced
America's culture and living standard of all Americans.
这些专家说我们必须明白在我们的这个环境供养系统中, 我们自己与野生动植物之间的重要联系。（98）
These experts say that we must understand the fundamental relation between ourselves and wild
animals and plants in our environmental supplying system.
3. 主谓结构：
通过举办文化节, 许多中国城市在世界上的知名度提高了。（00）
Through holding cultural festivals, many cities in China have become better known to the world.
难道发明的源泉已经枯竭了吗？ （01）
Was the well-spring of invention drying up?
事实上, 发明的新时代刚刚开始。（01）
Indeed, a new age of invention is just beginning.
VII. 特殊句型的翻译
1. 无主句
汉译英时，无主句的处理一般采取以下翻译方法：
A） 以英语被动式翻译：
已经证明, 对促进中国人民和世界其他地方人民的交流来说, 这是最好的途径之一。（00年）
It has been proved that this is one of the best ways to promote the exchange between the people of China and other parts of the world.
可以说，这个期间我国财富有了巨额增加，整个国民经济上了一个新的台阶。
It can be said that during this period China’s wealth expanded considerably, and the economy as a whole was raised to a new level.
要注意经济稳定、协调发展。
Attention must be paid to stable and proportionate development.
据了解 / 据报道/ 据估计/ 据说 / 据信 / 据预测…… It has been learned / reported that…, it is estimated that…, it is said / believed that…; it is / has been estimated that…
可以想象/ 断言/ 断定 It can be imagined / asserted / decided …
B） 增加主语：
（a） 根据上下文增加主语：
人们的看法是发展旅游业将有助于促进中国人民和其他国家人民之间的相互了解和友谊, 并将有利于文化、科学、技术方面的交流。还会有助于国家增加收入。
The development of tourism, it is believed, will help promote mutual understanding and friendship between the peoples of China and other countries, and facilitate exchanges in the field of culture, science and technology. Tourism also helps increase state income.
（b） 增加one, you, we, people, they
从根本上说，手头东西多了， 在处理各种矛盾和问题时就立于主动地位。
Basically, when we have enough material wealth, we shall have the initiative in handling contradictions and problems.
发现问题要及时加以治理。
We should deal with problems as soon as they are recognized.
要他通过英语考试，首先要建立他的自信。
If he is to pass the English test, we should first help him gain confidence in himself.
2．“有”字的翻译
由于亚裔移民的祖籍国家具有丰富多样的传统, 他们大大促进了美国文化的发展, 提高了全国人民的生活水平。（97）
Through the rich and varied traditions of their homelands…
有一项调查发现, 不吸烟的妇女, 如果在吸烟的家庭环境中生活40年或更长的时间, 那么就有加倍患肺癌的危险。（99）
One study found that nonsmoking women who were exposed to 40 or more years of household tobacco smoke had double the risk of lung cancer.
据美国肺协估计, 每年约有3000名死于肺癌的人是被动吸烟者。（99）
… about 3000 lung cancer deaths each year are due to breathing second-hand tobacco smoke.
改变人类生活的发明有汽车、飞机、电话、收音机、电视机——当然还有核武器和计算机。（01）
…human life was transformed by such inventions as care, airplanes, telephones, radios and television sets, not to mention （let alone） nuclear weapons and the computer of course.
而近50年来, 只有为数不多的发明。（01）
In the recent 50 years since, only a few inventions have been made. / … there have been only a few inventions.
出席这次会议的有卫生部长、各省疾病防预与控制中心的负责人以及各地的流行病学专家。
Those who attended the meeting included the Minister of Public Health, the directors of Disease Prevention and Control Centers of all provinces and epidemiologists from various parts of China.
（1）“有”是句中唯一动词； （2）“地点 + 有”
持有——hold → 持有股份 hold stocks and shares; 持有一份高薪工作 hold a highly-paid position/job;
拥有——own, possess → 拥有一辆高级轿车own / possess a luxury car
存有——keep → 银行存有一笔巨款keep a huge amount of money in the bank
具有—— have, have got → 有悠久的传统have long traditions; 有许多共同之处
have a lot in common
享有—— enjoy → 享有追求幸福的权利enjoy the right to pursue happiness
共有—— share → 有相同的文化和信念share the same culture and beliefs
3．强调句型
改革开放确确实实提高了人民的生活水平。
The reform and opening policy did enhance the living standard of the Chinese people.
唯有……才能…… （Only … can ）
唯有勤奋才能取得成就。
Only through hard work / diligence can one make achievements.
只有通过进一步的改革才能解决目前的问题。
It is only through further reform that we will be able to get rid of the current problems.
4. 倍数的翻译
亚洲面积比欧洲大三倍。 Asia is three times larger than Europe.
亚洲面积是欧洲的四倍。 Asia is four times as large as Europe.
氧原子的重量几乎是氢原子的16倍。
The oxygen atom is nearly 16 times as heavy as the hydrogen atom.
今年我国工业产值比去年增加一倍。（今年我国工业产值是去年的两倍。）
This year the value of our industrial output has increased by twice as compared with that of last year.
今年我厂产值比2001年增长了两倍。
The output of our factory this year has increased by three times as compared with that of 2001.
今年大学生的人数增加了80%。
The number of college students this year increased by 80%.
5. …才…
有播种才能有收获。 One must sow before he can reap.
疫情到了失控的时候才向中央政府报告。
It was not until the epidemic got out of control that it was reported to the central government.
The epidemic was not reported to the central government until it went out of control/hand.
过了20年我们才开始明白他的人口理论的重要性。
Twenty years passed before we began to realize the importance / significance of his theory on population.
2004年汉译英
在17和18世纪，中国的艺术、建筑学以及哲学，在西方很受欣赏。除此之外，中国的丝绸、茶和瓷器（porcelain）在西方也备受欢迎，并在一定程度上改变了许多西方人的生活方式。进入20世纪后期，西方人再一次转向中国文化。他们除了喜爱中国菜肴外，还学习汉语，尝试中医药，观看功夫电影。
01年试题翻译参考答案及评分细则
过去50年其实并不是发明创新的黄金时期。从1900年到1950年, 改变人类生活的发明有汽车、飞机、电话、收音机、电视机——当然还有核武器和计算机。而近50年来, 只有为数不多的发明。难道发明的源泉已经枯竭了吗？答案并非如此。事实上, 发明的新时代刚刚开始。
Actually the past （last） fifty years may not have been the golden age of invention. From 1900 to 1950, human life was transformed by such inventions as care, airplanes, telephones, radios and television sets, not to mention （let alone） nuclear weapons and the computer of course. In the recent 50 years since only a few inventions have been made. Was the well-spring of invention drying up? Not likely. Indeed, a new age of invention is just beginning.
第一句：过去50年其实并不是发明创新的黄金时期。（2分）
答案：Actually the past （last） fifty years may not have been the golden age of invention and innovation.
给分标准：过去50年……并不是……（1分）
其实……发明创新的黄金时期（1分）
可接受的译法 不可接受的译法
1．过去50年 （扣0. 5分）
a. the last （the recent） fifty years a. the nearly fifty years
b. the past half century b. the near 50 years
c. the past five decades c. the passed 50 years
d. in the just now passing 50 year
2. 其实 （扣0. 5分）
actually, in fact, practically, indeed, really, truly,
as a matter of fact, virtually needless to say
3. 并不是 （扣0. 5分）
a. was not, wasn't a. does not, doesn't
b. isn't b. must not be
c. ought not to be
d. won't be, would not be
4. 发明创新的黄金时期 （扣 0. 5分）
a. the golden time for invention and innovation a. the gold time （year）
b. the best time for invention and creation b. the wonderful term
c. the best period of… c. the best times
参考译例：
1. The recent fifty years has not practically been the golden years for invention and innovation. （2 分）
2. The past half century was not the best years for invention and innovation. （2分）
3. The past fifty years was not indeed the good time for invention. （1. 5分）
4. The last fifty years isn't really the best chance for invention. （1分）
5. In the past fifty years it isn't the golden time for invention. （0. 5分）
第2句：从1900年到1950年, 改变人类生活的发明有汽车、飞机、收音机、电视机——当然还有核武器和计算机。（3分）
答案：From 1900 to 1950, human life was transformed by such inventions as cars, aeroplanes, telephones, radios and television sets, not to mention （let alone） nuclear weapons and the computer of course.
给分标准：改变人类生活的发明（1分）
有汽车、飞机、电话、收音机、电视机；（1分）
从1900年到1950年…；（0. 5分）
当然还有核武器和计算机（0. 5分）
可接受译法 不可接受译法
1．从1900年到1950年, （扣0. 5分）
a. from the year of 1900 till 1950 a. since 1900 to 1950 years
b.since 1900 till 1950 years
c. from the 1900s to 1950s
2. 改变人类生活的发明 （扣0. 5分）
a. the inventions, which helped to change a. the inventions to change the life of
the life of human beings human beings
b. the inventions in changing …
b. the inventions, which have changed c. the discoveries having changed
the life of human beings d. the findings changing. . .
c. the inventions that changed people's e. the inventions that could have changed
living style f. the inventions of changed. . .
3. （…发明）有汽车、飞机、电话、收音机、电视机 （扣0. 5分）
a. （the inventions） include cars, aeroplanes, telephones, radios and television sets…
b. （such inventions） as car, aeroplane, telephone, radio and television set…have been made…
c. there have been such inventions as car, aeroplane, telephone, radio and television set…
a. the inventions have cars, aeroplanes, telephones, radios and television sets…
b. there are cars, aeroplanes, telephones, radios and television sets
c. the inventions among which including a car, an aeroplane, a telephone, a radio and a television set
d. the inventions have been made including a car, an aeroplane, a telephone, a radio and a television set
5. 当然还有…… （扣0. 5分）
a. let alone （not to say, not to speak） a. certainly…
b. of course including… b. especially…
c.certainly there are…
6. 核武器和计算机 （扣0. 5分）
a. nuclear weapons and the computer a. core weapons and computer
b. nuclear arms and computers b. nuclear bombs and calculators
参考译例：
1. From 1900 to 1950, the inventions, which helped to change the life of human beings, include cars, aeroplanes, telephones, radios and television sets; and, of course, nuclear weapons and the computer, too. （3分）
2. From 1900 to 1950, such inventions as cars, aeroplanes, telephones, radios and television sets, nuclear weapons and the computer also included, of course, have brought changes to human life. （2. 5分）
3. From 1900 to 1950, there were such inventions as cars, airplanes, telephones, radios and television sets to change living of human beings, and, of course, nuclear weapons and the computer also included. （ 1. 5分）
4. From 1900 to 1950 years, inventions to change people's living, such as cars, aeroplanes, telephones, radios and television sets, and, certainly, nuclear weapons and the computer as well. （1 分）
第3句：而近50年来, 只有为数不多的发明。（1. 5分）
答案：In the recent 50 years since, only a few inventions have been made.
给分标准：而近50年来（0. 5分）
只有为数不多的发明（1分）
可接受译法 不可接受译法
1．而近50年来 （扣0. 5分）
a. but in the last five decades （half century） a. but in the nearby 50 years
b. however, the recent 50 years since then b. otherwise in the almost five decades
c. nevertheless, in the recent half century c. in the near half century, however,
2．只有为数不多的发明 （扣0. 5分）
a. actually there weren't lot of inventions a. there are countable inventions
b. there were few inventions b. there was only little invention
参考译例：
1．However, there haven't been （weren't ） a lot of inventions in the last 50 years. （1. 5分）
2．Nevertheless, the recent half century has seen few inventions. （1. 5分）
3．But in the near 50 years only a few inventions have been made. （1分）
4．In the recent 5 decades, on the other hand, there have few inventions. （0.5分）
第四句：难道发明的源泉已经枯竭了吗？
答案：Was the well-spring of invention drying up? （2分）
给分标准：发明的源泉（1分）
难道……已经枯竭了吗（1分）
可接受译法 不可接受译法
1．发明的源泉 （扣1分）
a. the resources of inventions a. The mains of invention
b. the source of invention b. The root of invention
c. the motive force of inventions
2. 难道…已经枯竭了吗？ （扣1分）
a. Could…be becoming exhausted? a. Whether has the inventive resource been drying up?
b. Has…been drying up? b. Has the inventive resource been over?
c. Are the resources of invention used up? c. Does the source of invention already no longer exist?
d. Has the inventive source…run out? d. Is the inventive resource diminished （reduced）?
参考译例：
1．Has the source of invention become exhausted?（2分）
2．Has the resource of invention diminished? （1. 5分）
3．Is the source of invention drying? （1分）
4．Are the motive power of invention used up? （0. 5分）
第5句：答案并非如此。（0. 5分）
答案：Not likely.
给分标准：答案并非如此。（0. 5分）
可接受译法 不可接受译法
答案并非如此。 （扣0. 5分）
a. The answer is not so, a. No, we don't think so.
b. The answer is negative. b. The response is not right.
c. In fact, the answer is not like that. d. It's not the case as a matter of fact.
参考译例：
1．The answer is no. （0. 5 分）
2． Actually it is not the case. （0. 5 分）
第6句：事实上, 发明的新时代刚刚开始。
答案：Indeed, a new age of invention is just beginning. （l 分）
给分标准：发明的新时代 （0. 5分）
事实上, ……刚刚开始（0. 5分）
可接受译法 不可接受译法
１．发明的新时代 （扣0. 5分）
a. the new time （age, era, epoch） for （of） invention a. the new times to invention
b. the days for creation
c. the new invention century
2. 事实上, ……刚刚开始 （扣0. 5分）
a. Actually, … has just begun. a. Really, … has just approached.
b. Indeed, … has just come up to us. b. It may be true that … is started.
c. As a matter of fact, … has just started.
参考译例：
1. The time of invention, in fact, has just begun. （1 分）
2. In fact, the new age for invention has just started. （1 分）
3. In fact, the new times of invention just come to us. （0. 5分）
真题分析
Another kind of distinction that can be made among works of art is whether they were intended as objects to be looked at or to be used. The fine arts, such as painting and sculpture, involve the production of works to be seen and experienced on an abstract level. Pieces of fine art may evoke emotional or spiritual responses in us. Those who love the fine arts feel that these responses are very valuable, for they expand our awareness of the great richness of life itself.
艺术品的另外一个显著特征是它是用来观赏的还是被使用的物品。精美的艺术品，如绘画和雕塑，都包含了看得见的作品的制作和抽象的体验。一件件精美的艺术品可以唤起我们情感和精神上的响应。热爱艺术品的人会觉得这些响应是非常有价值的，因为它们扩大了我们对生活本身丰富内涵的了解。
例题分析
Since 1981, farmers in Holland have been encouraged to adopt "green" farming techniques that were thought to benefit plant and bird life. Farmers who have voluntarily adopted these measures are compensated by the European Union. The goal of the program is to work against the negative effects of modern farming, such as declines in species diversity and the disturbance of local nesting grounds.
_________________________________________________________________ ___
______________________________________________________________ ______
____________________________________________________________ ________
The "green" methods of farming cost the European Union about 1.7 billion euros annually. This is about 4 percent of the budget for "Common Agricultural Policy," and the compensation is expected to rise to 10 percent within the next few years.
_____________________________________________________ _______________
________________________________________________________ ____________
____________________________________________________________ ________
Various forms of "green farming" employed around the world have proved successful, and all new methods thought to be environmentally sensitive should be subject to sound scientific evaluation to determine whether they are actually meeting the intended goals.
___________________________________________________________ _________
___________________________________________________________ _________
_______________________________________________________ _____________
切割单位
1）名词短语：
the whole point of marriage 婚姻的全部意义
the right to pursue your own happiness 追求个人幸福的权利
the glory of burning passion 火焰般激情的光芒
your love for your wife or husband 对妻子或丈夫的爱
2） 动宾短语：
result in poverty for many women and children造成很多妇女儿童的贫困
impose clear obligations 赋予（夫妻双方）清晰的责任义务
provide both emotional and practical care for children
给孩子感情上和实际上的关爱
will not help your children不会对孩子有好处
have no obligation to provide for them对你的孩子没有抚养责任
answer their search for perfect happiness 满足自己对完美幸福的追求
3）介词短语：
in search of another love 寻求新的爱情/另觅新欢
concerning the effects of divorce on children 关于离婚对孩子的影响
without a violent father 没有施暴的父亲
4）形容词短语：
too casual for children对孩子来说太随意
aware of the complex research 意识/注意到综合性研究
compared with the presence and support of both a mother and a father
与双亲的相佯和支持相比
willing to take on real responsibility for愿为…真正承担责任
1.Long after the 1998 World Cup was won, disappointed fans were still cursing
the disputed refereeing （裁判） decisions that denied victory to their team.
2.But for many, the fact that poor people are able to support themselves almost as well without government aid as they did with it is in itself a huge victory.
推敲词义
（一） 动宾搭配
bring down prices
bring down a fever
bring down an enemy plane
bring down the government
（二） 偏正搭配
a good temper
good vegetables
a good suit
give sb. a good scolding
have good reason
a good distance
a good ten miles
a good deal of time
1. Chinese firms may not develop as Japanese or Korean ones did.
2. A system of seven tsunami detectors cost about $18m to develop.
3. Since then, he has developed another bad habit.
4. Some economists reckon that bubbles are more likely to develop in housing markets than in stockmarkets.
5. New studies suggest that women develop lung cancer at a younger age than men.
6. Scientists are hoping to develop memory-enhancing medicine.
7. Most of us have developed an unshakable faith in railway time-tables.
8. Experts do not know why some children and adolescents develop this problem and others do not.
9. As we age, we develop a taste for foods with hints of bitter.
10. It is easy to develop interests -- they are so called because they are interesting.
1. 后置修饰语
在句子拓展方面，英语与汉语正好相反。英语属右方向分支，因此修饰语多数情况下位于中心词的右侧，而汉语是左方向分支，修饰语的位置只能在左侧。英语以长句为特征的，而汉语以短句为主。
John read the letter that Mary wrote to the boy that Jane was in love with.
约翰看了 玛丽写给那个 简所爱的 男孩的 信。
约翰看了玛丽写给那个男孩的信，简正与那个男孩热恋着呢。
原则：修饰语短则译成定语，长则译成并列句，定语“的”不能超过两个。
Social support consists of the exchange of resources among people based on their interpersonal ties.
Long after the 1998 World Cup was won, disappointed fans were still cursing the disputed refereeing （裁判） decisions that denied victory to their team.
（1） I am aware of the complex research concerning the effects of divorce on children and I acknowledge that some children are better off without a violent father, a family income wasted on drinking or gambling, or unhappy parents taking out their anger on everyone in the family.
我注意到一些关于离婚对孩子的影响的综合性研究。 我承认，如果没有狂暴的父亲，家里的钱没有被浪费在酗酒或赌博上，父母感到不快时不会对家里每个人撒气，一些孩子会生活得更好。
（2） There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.
所谓方法论是指一般历史研究中特有的概念，还是指历史探究中各个具体领域适用的研究手段，人们对此意见不一。
（3） But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: “It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.”
但皮尔森指出，这个突破仅仅是人机一体化的开始：“它是人机一体化慢长之路的第一步，最终会使人们在下世纪末之前就研制出完全电子化的仿真人。”
（4） The closest thing to an information superhighway today is the Internet, the system of linked computer networks that allows up to 25 million people in 135 countries to exchange information.
今天，与信息高速公路最接近的就是互联网，这是一个由电脑连接而成的网络系统，它使得135个国家多达2,500万的人能进行信息交换。
2. 被动式的翻译
1. 被动式主谓 → 主动式动宾
2. 得到/得以/予以/受到/遭到/遭受 + 动词
3. 被动式+ by + agent
→ agent + （主动式）动宾
→为……所 + 动词
（1） By the end of the war, （1） 800 people （2）had been saved （3）by the organization.
大战结束时，（3）这个组织拯救了（1）800人。
（2） Other forms of energy can be changed to electric energy by generators.
发电机能把其他形式的能转变成电能。
（3） During this transfer, （1）traditional historical methods （2） were augmented by （3） additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.
在这种转变中，历史学家研究历史时，那些解释新史料的（3）新方法（2）充实了（1）传统的历史研究方法。
（4）When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind’s instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.
这种反应并不错，这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用，这种本能应得到鼓励，而不应遭到嘲弄。
（5）The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago. 自然选择在进化中的作用仅仅在一百多年前才得以阐明。
（6） Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.
（如果）这些问题得不到解决，研究行为的技术手段就会继续受到排斥，解决问题的惟一方式也可能随之继续受到排斥。
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