（1）展开方法
① 列举法(Listing)
常用词语：first, second, third...last
firstly, secondly, thirdly...finally
to begin with, what’s more, in the end
first of all, then, next, moreover, furthermore...
in the first place, in the second place, last but not least
Social support cushions stress in a number of ways. First, friends, relatives, and co-workers may let us know that they value us. Our self-respect is strengthened when we feel accepted by others despite our faults and difficulties. Second, other people often provide us with informational support. They help us to define and understand our problems and find solutions to them. Third, we typically find social companionship supportive. Engaging in leisure-time activities with others helps us to meet our social needs while at the same time distracting us from our worries and troubles. Finally, other people may give us instrumental support—financial aid, material resources, and needed services—that reduces stress by helping us resolve and cope with our problems.
② 举例法(Exemplification)
常用词语：show, exemplify, illustrate, prove, indicate, exhibit, demonstrate, for example, for instance, take...as an example, such as, like, a good case in point
常用句型：There are many examples to prove...Here I will cite just a few.
There is enough/convincing/sufficient evidence to prove...
Take...as an example.
An analysis of the above-mentioned cases may be useful in explaining...
Before you get the idea that economics is relevant only for politics or business, we should mention that economics focuses on all the choices people make and the personal and social consequences of these choices. Some choices involve money, but many do not. Even seemingly non-economic decisions fall within the realm of economics. Most decisions involve attempts to balance costs against benefits, which may or may not be measurable with money. For example, many costs and benefits are primarily psychological.
③ 定义法(Definition)
常用词语：mean, signify, refer to, constitute, involve, deal with, relate to, be considered to be, be concerned with, be defined as
常用句型：...may be defined as...
...means...
…is described as…
A paragraph may be defined as a distinct part of section of any piece of writing, whether of one or more sentences, that deals with a particular point of the subject. It is to a sentence what a sentence is to a word. The term is also applied to a short composition consisting of a group of sentences dealing with a single topic and closely related to each other.
④ 分类法(Classification)
常用词语：arrange in two/three categories, be classified into a number of groups, fall into the following kinds, be put into several groups
常用句型：...consists of...
...may be classified according to/on the basis of/depending on
...may be divided into...
There are two ways in which one can own a book. The first is the property right you establish by paying for it, just as you pay for clothes and furniture. But this act of purchase is only the prelude to possession. Full ownership comes only when you have made it a part of yourself, and the best way to make it a part of yourself is by writing in it. An illustration may make the point clear. You buy a beefsteak and transfer it from the butcher’s icebox to your own. But you do not own the beefsteak until you consume it and get it into your stomach. I am arguing that books, too, must be absorbed in your stomach to do you any good.
⑤ 比较对比法(Comparison and Contrast)
常用词语：just as, in comparison, like, similarly, likewise, correspondingly, similar to,
in contrast, on the other hand, on the contrary, unlike, whereas, but, however, yet, while
常用句型：There are some similarities/differences between...
We can compare...with...
...has something in common with...
By contrasting...and...
...has little in common with...
...are different in many ways...
Alfred Nobel, the Swedish inventor and industrialist, was a man of many sharp contrasts. (1) He was the son of a bankrupt, but became a millionaire; (2) a scientist with a love of literature, (3) an industrialist who managed to remain an idealist. (4) He made a fortune but lived a simple life, (5) and although cheerful in company he was often sad in private. (6) A lover of mankind, he never had a wife or family to love him; (7) a patriotic son of his native land, he died alone on foreign soil. (8) He invented a new explosive, dynamite, to improve the peacetime industries of mining and road building, but saw it used as a weapon of war to kill and injure his fellow men.
⑥ 因果法(Cause and Effect)
常用词语：cause, result in, lead to, produce, bring about, contribute to, based on,
because, since, now that, therefore, thus, consequently, owing to, due to,
through, because of, on account of, as a result, as a consequence
常用句型：There are several reasons for...
The reasons why...can be traced to...
The causes for...are as follows...
Therefore, we can draw/arrive at/reach/make the following conclusions...
Professors will help students who need it, but prefer that their students not be overly dependent on them. In the United States, professors have other duties besides teaching. Often they are responsible for administrative work within their departments. In addition, they may be obliged to publish articles and books. Therefore the time that a professor can spend with a student outside of class is limited. If a student has problems with classroom work, the student should either approach a professor during office hours or make an appointment.
⑦ 发展过程法
To build your own sun scope, get a carton and cut a hole in one side, big enough to poke your head through. Paste white paper on the inside surface that you will be facing. Then punch a pinhole into the opposite side high enough so that the little shaft of light will miss your head. For a sharper image you can make a better pinhole by cutting a one-inch square hole in the carton, taping a piece of aluminum foil over this hole, and then making the pin-hole in the foil. Finally, tape the box shut and cover all light leaks with black tape.
(2) 中间段的常用核心句型
l Although the popular belief is that …, a current (new / recent) study (survey / poll / investigation) indicates (shows / demonstrates) that ….
l Common sense tells us that ….
l The increase (change / failure / success) in … mainly (largely / partly) results from (arises from / is because of) ….
l The increase (change / failure / success) in … is due to (owing to / attributable to) the fact that ….
l Many people would claim that ….
l One may attribute (ascribe / owe) the increase (decrease / change ) to …, but … is not by itself an adequate explanation.
l One of the reasons given for … is that ….
l What is also worth noticing is that ….
l There are many (different / several /a number of / a variety of)causes (reasons) for this dramatic (marked / significant) growth (change / decline / increase) in …. First, …. Second, …. Finally, ….
l There is no evidence to suggest that….
l Why are (is / do / did) …? For one thing, …. For another, ….
l Another reason why I dispute the above statement is that ….
l It gives rise to (leads to / brings /creates) a host of problems (consequences).
l There are numerous reasons why …, and I shall here explore only a few of the most important ones.
l It will exert (have / produce) profound (far-reaching / remarkable / considerable / beneficial / favorable / undesirable / disastrous) effect (influence) on ….
l A multitude of factors could account for (contribute to / lead to / result in / influence) the change (increase / decrease / success / failure / development) in ….
l In 2000, it increased (rose / jumped / shot up) from 5 to 10 percent of the total (to 15 percent / by 15 percent).
l By comparison with 2002, it decreased (dropped / fell) from 10 to 5 percent (to 15 percent / by 15 percent).
l It accounts for 15 percent of the total.
l There were 100 traffic accidents in April, an increase of 5 percent in a five-month period.
l By 2002, only (less than / more than / almost / about / over/ as many as) three quarters (40 percent of / one out of five / one in four) college population (graduates / housewives) as against (as compared with) last year (2002) preferred to (liked) ….
l With the development (improvement / rise / growth / general recognition / acknowledgement / realization) of …, vast changes await this country’s society.
l Now people in growing (ever-increasing / significant) numbers are beginning (coming / getting) to believe (realize / recognize / understand / accept / see / be aware) that ….
l According to a(n) recent (new / official) study (survey / report / poll), ….
l History (Our society) is filled (abounds) with the examples of ….
l The story (case / instance / situation) is not rare (isolated / unique), it is one of many examples (typical of dozens).
l A (one) recent (new / general / nationwide) study (survey / poll / investigation) conducted (taken) at a university by (officials / scientists / experts) indicates (reveals / suggests / shows / proves / demonstrates) that ….
l According to (As can be seen in / As is shown in) the figures (statistics / findings / data / graph / table) released (provided) by the government (an institute), it can be learned (seen / predicted) that ….
l There is (no) good (every / little / sufficient / considerable / strong) evidence (proof) to
l Personal experience (Examples I heard / read of) leads me to conclude that ….
l We must admit the undeniable fact that ….
l No one can deny (ignore / doubt / overlook / obscure / brush aside) the fact that ….
l Experience (Evidence) suggests (shows) that ….
l Take for example … who (that) ….
l The same is true of ….
l As the saying goes, “….” | 
